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Agrégateur de flux
Des recettes pour les paniers de légumes
LeQuebecBio.com - ven, 2012/07/27 - 11:56
Votre jardin regorge de bettes à carde, vous êtes partenaire d'un fermier
de famille et ne savez pas comment cuisiner le chou kale! Découvrez la section Recettes
d'Équiterre.
Nouveau! Le livre Le Jardinier-maraîcher est en pré-vente
LeQuebecBio.com - ven, 2012/07/27 - 11:31
Les Jardins la Grelinette, un ferme maraîchère certifiée biologique, viennent
de publier un manuel d'agriculture biologique sur petite surface, Le Jardinier-maraîcher. Le livre
contient différentes ressources et conseils qui traitent de maraîchage biologique ainsi que des
d’ informations au sujet des équipements et outils utilisés dans les jardins de la ferme.
Vin Bio/ Les premières vendanges Made in Europe
LeQuebecBio.com - ven, 2012/07/27 - 10:36
L'Union européenne va pouvoir vendanger ses premiers "vins bio" cette
année, avec la mise en place d'un label et de nouvelles règles harmonisées censées apporter
plus de transparence et tenir tête aux vins bio du Nouveau monde, a-t-on appris auprès de la
Commission.
Dessine-moi un paysage
LeQuebecBio.com - jeu, 2012/07/26 - 15:09
Dans cette version courte qui donne un aperçu du film " Dessine-moi un paysage
bio ", la dimension paysagère dans l'agriculture biologique est abordée à l'échelle du territoire par
des exemples d'initiatives publiques agricoles régionalisées qui prennent en compte le
développement de l'agriculture biologique dans les politiques d'aménagement et de
développement local.
Jeff Moyer : 30 ans de comparaison agriculture biologique
LeQuebecBio.com - jeu, 2012/07/26 - 14:23
Intervention de Jeff Moyer, directeur de la ferme expérimentale du Rodale
Institute (USA) lors de la conférence internationale de l'agriculture biologique organisée le 19
mars 2012 par la fédération nationale de l'agriculture biologique (FNAB) et la SPAS organisateur
du salon "vivre autrement", avec le soutien de l'ambassade des USA.
Des jardins communautaires dans le rang St-Olivier?
LeQuebecBio.com - jeu, 2012/07/26 - 09:46
Un riverain du lac des Piles veut mettre sur pied un projet de jardins
communautaires sur le rang St-Olivier, dans le secteur Saint-Jean-des-Piles. Un projet qui
s'adresse aussi à tous les Shawiniganais désireux de produire des fruits et légumes bio.
Deux fromages pour un 5e anniversaire
LeQuebecBio.com - jeu, 2012/07/26 - 09:37
La Fromagerie des Grondines a célébré son 5e anniversaire et elle s’ est offert
comme cadeaux deux nouveaux fromages biologiques. La Fromagerie produit maintenant 7
fromages.
InfoBio- Juillet 2012 - Le bulletin de la Fédération biologique du Canada
LeQuebecBio.com - jeu, 2012/07/26 - 09:14
Le bulletin de juillet 2012 de la Fédération biologique du Canada est
maintenant en ligne. Plusieurs sujets traités : la Loi sur l'emballage et l'étiquetage des produits, la
Norme biologique canadienne, les pesticides et les OGM. Bonne lecture!
Comment nourrir tout le monde
LeQuebecBio.com - mer, 2012/07/25 - 15:40
Le film « Comment nourrir tout le monde » explique, en neuf minutes, pourquoi une partie
de la population mondiale souffre de malnutrition. Avec une pédagogie impeccable, le réalisateur
Denis van Waerebeke démonte les mécanismes absurdes -- mais tellement logiques -- qui nous
ont conduit à une telle situation. Le film explique les différences Nord-Sud, en évoquant
notamment la façon dont les pays du sud dépendent de l'importation. Tout en analysant les effets
pervers de l'aide alimentaire, il démontre à quel point le comportement du consommateur du nord
peut peser sur celui du sud. Avant de soulever quelques pistes de réflexion intéressantes pour
améliorer la situation
Le Programme MELIOR présenté à la Filière biologique du Québec
LeQuebecBio.com - mer, 2012/07/25 - 12:38
Le programme vise à encourager l'offre de produits et de menus à valeur
nutritionnelle améliorée et à les rendre plus accessibles à l'ensemble de la population.
Transformateurs, distributeurs, détaillants et restaurateurs sont admissibles au Programme
MELIOR.
Une banque indépendante pour le microfinancement
LeQuebecBio.com - mer, 2012/07/25 - 12:32
Créée en 1980, la Banque Triodos est une banque indépendante
dont la mission est d’ exercer son métier de banquier de manière transparente et durable. La
banque dispose de succursales aux Pays-Bas, en Belgique, au Royaume-Uni, en Espagne et en
Allemagne, La banque est une autorité dans le monde dans le domaine de la microfinance dans
les pays en voie de développement. La Banque Triodos finance la chaîne complète de
l'alimentation biologique, des producteurs et intermédiaires jusqu'aux distributeurs et
restaurateurs. Le volume total des fonds accordés à l'alimentation et l'agriculture bio en 2008:
218 millions EUR
Les farines bio plus riches que les conventionnelles ?
LeQuebecBio.com - mer, 2012/07/25 - 10:06
Une étude récente met en évidence une meilleure proportion de minéraux, et une moindre
présence de métaux lourds, dans les farines issues de l’ agriculture biologique. Les auteurs ont
collecté des échantillons de farines complètes à Zagreb (Croatie), de mai à décembre 2008. Ils
les ont ensuite analysées pour en déterminer les compositions en minéraux.
De la poudre de topinambour pour le bienfait de l'intestin
LeQuebecBio.com - mar, 2012/07/24 - 10:51
Les prébiotiques sont de mieux en mieux connus pour leurs effets bénéfiques
sur la santé, notamment sur l'intestin. Robert Desmarais a extrait de la poudre de topinambour
biologique extrêmement concentrée en inuline à utiliser comme supplément alimentaire.
Le BIO au spectacle The Wall
LeQuebecBio.com - mar, 2012/07/24 - 10:39
Une brique a été ajoutée pour le spectacle «The Wall» à Québec sur les Plaines. Oui au
Bio, non aux OGM
The Organic Center : Étude sur les grains, 2e partie– With the Grain
LeQuebecBio.com - mar, 2012/07/24 - 10:21
Dans le présent document – le deuxième d’ une série de rapports qui seront
publiés dans le cadre de notre étude – nous explorons les teneurs en éléments nutritifs des
grains et des produits fabriqués avec des grains. Notre but est de donner un aperçu général des
différences entre les grains conventionnels et biologiques quant à leurs teneurs en éléments
nutritifs.
The Organic Center : Étude sur les grains, 1ere partie– Your Daily Bread
LeQuebecBio.com - mar, 2012/07/24 - 10:00
Les systèmes de production biologique ont des impacts spécifiques tant sur la
qualité et l’ innocuité des grains, que sur leurs bienfaits environnementaux bien établis. Pourtant,
fort peu d’ information est disponible quant aux avantages, sur le plan de la valeur nutritive et de
la sécurité des aliments, de l'agriculture biologique et de la production d'aliments biologiques au
sein du secteur des grains et de la production alimentaire à partir de grains.
Afin de pallier cette pénurie de connaissances, l'organisme Organic Center mène une étude
pluriannuelle sur les grains…
La Fiducie Protec-Terre de la ferme Cadet-Roussel
LeQuebecBio.com - mar, 2012/07/24 - 08:35
Avec l'aide d'une organisation appelée Protec-Terre, Jean Roussel de la ferme
Cadet-Roussel a mis en place une fiducie foncière agricole, la première ferme et la seule au
Québec. (texte en anglais seulement)
Une mère argentine contre Monsanto et les pesticides
LeQuebecBio.com - lun, 2012/07/23 - 13:49
En 2001, Sofia Gatica était une femme au foyer, sans diplôme ni passé
militant. En 2012, cette mère argentine a décroché la plus haute distinction environnementale, le
prix Goldman, surnommé le «Nobel vert». Cette grande blonde s'est attaquée à un géant: le soja
OGM et ses dommages collatéraux. À son initiative, se tient ces jours-ci un procès historique.
Pour la première fois en Amérique latine, des producteurs de soja sont jugés pour fumigation de
pesticides sur une zone habitée.
Promoting Weed Seed Predation and Decay
Modifier eXtension Articles,News,Faqs,Events- organic production (anglais) - lun,
2012/07/23 - 13:23
eOrganic author:
Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming
Introduction
One form of conservation biological control of weeds that appears practical for today's organic
farms is conservation of organisms that consume weed seeds, and thereby make withdrawals
from the weed seed bank.
Seeds of most plant species can become nourishing food for birds, insects, and other organisms,
and weed seeds are no exception. Insects and other organisms consume weed seeds while they
are still on the parent plant and after they have been shed. This predispersal predation by
specialist insects (species that eat only one kind of weed seed) has been documented in
velvetleaf, lambsquarters, pigweeds, and Canada thistle (Kremer and Spencer, 1989; Landis et
al., 2005). While these specialists can have substantial impacts on their favorite weed, their utility
in protecting crops from multiple weed species may be limited.
Figure 1. Ground beetles (Carabidae) come in a wide range of shapes, sizes, and colors—and
feeding habits. Of the more than 2200 species of carabid beetles known in North America, many
are valuable predators of insect pests, and others—like those shown here—are recognized weed
seed predators. (a) Anisodactylus rusticus (b) Anisodactylus sanctaecrucis (c) Harpalus affinis
(d) Harpalus caliginosus (e) Harpalus erraticus (f) Harpalus pensylvanicus. Photo credits: John
Goulet, Canadian Biodiversity Information Center.
Postdispersal weed seed predation has a more widespread impact on weed seed banks. A
cleanup crew of insects, other invertebrates, small rodents, and seed-eating birds removes
millions of weed seeds from farmers’ fields every year, especially during and in the weeks
following weed seed shed. Field studies in North Carolina, Ohio, Iowa , Pennsylvania, Michigan,
and elsewhere have documented seed predation rates high enough to reduce current-season
inputs to the weed seed bank substantially (Brust and House, 1988; Cardina et al., 1996;
Maulsby, 2006; Menalled et al., 2006; Menalled et al., 2007; Westerman et al., 2005; White et al.,
2007). Ground beetles (carabids) are among the most widely-documented and consistent weed
seed consumers in agroecosysems, but field crickets, ants, earthworms, slugs, field mice, and
other small rodents also contribute significantly to weed seed predation. Researchers have
documented predation on seeds of many agricultural weeds including common ragweed,
pigweed, common lambsquarter, sicklepod, jimsonweed, velvetleaf, fall panicum, and giant
foxtail—often at rates high enough to reduce the current season’s input to the seed bank by 80–
90 percent or more. Individual predator species show considerable selectivity, with small ground
beetles consuming small seeds, and larger insects and rodents preferring larger seeds. However,
postdispersal seed predator communities comprised of multiple species can exert an
economically important impact on multispecies weed seed banks.
Figure 2. This dusky slug (Arion subfuscus) is one of many species of animals that can contribute
significantly to weed seed predation, but may also damage newly emerged crop seedlings. Photo
credit: Gary Bernon, USDA APHIS, Bugwood.org.
Microorganisms comprise another set of potential allies against the weed seed bank. Many
newly-shed weed seeds are highly resistant to invasion by bacteria or fungi; however, as these
seeds age and weather in the soil, their seed coats eventually become more porous, leaving the
seeds more vulnerable to microbial attack. Soil fungi contribute to mortality of velvetleaf seeds
germinating from a 4-inch depth in the soil (Davis and Renner, 2006), and to the reduction in
emergence of corn chamomile and shepherd's purse from soil into which a buckwheat cover crop
has been incorporated (Kumar et al., 2008). Several species of pathogenic soil fungi have been
found in association with green and giant foxtail seeds in both conventional-till and reduced-till
fields in Iowa (Pitty et al., 1987). Naturally-occurring fungi also contribute to mortality in velvetleaf
seeds damaged by the scentless plant bug, a specialist predispersal seed predator (Cardina et
al., 1996).
Soil microorganisms are believed to play a role in the exponential decline in viability of weed seed
populations in the soil (Liebman et al., 2001), but not as much documentation exists for microbial
as for macroscopic weed seed consumers. High levels of soil biological activity, such as might
occur under intensive organic soil management, or during the weeks following incorporation of a
green manure, might shorten the half-life of weed seed banks. However, evidence for a
significant role of increased soil microbial activity in reducing weed seed persistence in
organically managed fields is as yet inconclusive, and macroscopic predators are currently
considered a much larger factor in weed seed mortality than soil microbes (Gallandt, 2003, 2006).
Some of the positive effect of high soil quality on weed control may be related to greater crop
vigor and competitiveness in well managed soils. More research is needed to estimate the
potential for promoting weed seed decay by enhancing soil organic matter and biological activity
in vegetable and other cropping systems.
Practical Questions
Can weed seed predation and weed seed decay become viable tools in organic weed
management? The answer hinges on several other practical questions:
 Can weed seed consumers remove a significant fraction of the weed seed bank?
 Do weed seed predators also consume crop seeds in sufficient quantities to become
problematic?
 What conditions favor the activity of weed seed consumers in agricultural fields?
 What practices can organic farmers implement to optimize the activity of weed seed
consumers?
While some weed seed consumers will also take crop seeds, many appear to be sufficiently
selective to qualify as predominantly beneficial organisms unlikely to hurt crop establishment or
yield. Ground beetles, crickets, and even white footed field mice have been shown to consume
many weed seeds without significant impacts on recently sown crops. These seed eaters mostly
take seeds that are on or very near the soil surface; crop seeds are commonly planted deep
enough to escape predation. Smaller ground beetles that consume small weed seeds like
pigweed, lambsquarters, and annual grasses are not physically capable of eating larger crop
seeds. On the other hand, slugs can damage tender young vegetable crops as well as eating
weed seeds, and crows, blackbirds, and some other seed-eating birds can seriously damage
newly-seeded corn and other crops.
Figure 3. The deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, and other small rodents can consume
significant numbers of weed seeds from the soil surface. Photo credit: Tom Henthorn, Old
Saybrook, CT.
Because weed seed predation activity occurs mainly during and after the annual weed seed
return (late summer/early fall), and long after most crops are seeded (spring to midsummer),
opportunities exist for weed seed selectivity in time. Noise makers, scare eye bolloons, or other
scare tactics can be used to keep birds out of fields during crop establishment, and discontinued
later when their services as weed seed predators are desired. Crickets, ground beetles, and ants
are most active during the peak weed seed season, and are not as likely to consume small crop
seeds direct-sown earlier in the season.
Weed seed predators require suitable conservation and habitat protection in order to remain
active in crop fields. Broad spectrum insecticides are likely to wipe out ground beetles and other
seed-eating insects. Frequent tillage disrupts ground beetle habitat, and any tillage that inverts or
deeply mixes the soil buries weed seeds out of reach of most predators. Seed predators prefer
habitat that includes at least some ground cover—organic mulch and/or living vegetation—and
ground beetles have shown a clear preference for cover cropped plots over adjacent cleancultivated plots (Shearin et al, 2008). On the other hand, a really dense or matted mulch may
hinder the movement of ground beetles (Menalled et al., 2006). No-till production systems may
support higher activity of ground beetles and other seed predators than either organic or
conventional systems with regular plowing (Menalled et al., 2007). However, diversified rotations
consisting of two years of annual crops with tillage followed by two years under red clover sod
enhanced weed seed predation sufficiently to reduce the amount of herbicides and/or cultivation
needed for adequate weed control (Westerman et al, 2005). In addition, some seed-eating
ground beetles seem to prefer intermediate levels of disturbance over either no-till or moldboard
plowing, as long as part of the habitat remains covered by vegetation or mulch (Shearin et al.,
2008).
These findings suggest that several organic practices can help conserve ground beetles and
other weed seed predators, including cover cropping, mulching, nonuse of broad spectrum
insecticides, and crop diversification. Cover cropping appears to be especially important for
maintaining habitat for invertebrate weed seed predators (Gallandt, 2006). Additional practices
that organic farmers can implement to conserve weed seed predators include reducing tillage,
maintaining habitat refuges such as strips of perennial vegetation through the field, and delaying
postharvest tillage to give the weed seed cleanup crew a chance to consume the current
season’s weed seed crop before it is buried.
Figure 4. Populations of weed seed-eating field crickets, Gryllus pennsylvanicus, reach peak
activity later in the growing season, when many small-seeded annual weeds shed their seeds.
Photo credit: Edward L. Manigault, Clemson University Donated Collection, Bugwood.org.
While seed predators and soil microorganisms cannot be expected to eliminate weed problems in
organic production systems, they can make a significant contribution to seed bank management
when integrated with other practices. Based on a considerable body of research, Menalled et al.
(2006) concluded that, within a whole-system perspective, “weed seed predation represents a
tool that should be integrated with other management practices” for effective ecological weed
control. Furthermore, all of the practices that have been suggested for optimizing weed seed
predation are consistent with organic production principles and can make economically important
contributions to other key objectives, including soil quality, crop health and vigor, and biological
insect pest management.
Tips for Enhancing Weed Seed Predation in Organic Vegetable Production
Conservation biocontrol—the practice of protecting and providing habitat for existing natural
enemies of weeds and other pests—is the main strategy for promoting weed seed removal by
predators and microorganisms. Several specific tactics are available:
 Maintain ground cover with vegetation and/or organic mulch as much of the year as possible
in production fields. Interseeding cash crops with clovers or other legumes can enhance
predation by crickets and mice (Davis, 2004). Avoid tightly packed organic mulches, which can
interfere with ground beetle movement.
 Maintain permanently vegetated field margins or strips through the field to provide permanent
habitat for ground beetles and other seed consumers. Planting switchgrass and other native
perennials in border areas can enhance ground beetle activity (Davis, 2004) and displace
weedy species from field margins.
 Reduce tillage, especially inversion tillage, whenever practical. Strip tillage or ridge tillage can
leave seed predator habitat between crop rows; shallow tillage is less disruptive to seed
consumers than deep mixing or inversion.
 Avoid or minimize the use of broad spectrum insecticides including botanical sprays like
pyrethrum or even insecticidal soap. When such applications become necessary, keep the
spray away from ground beetle habitat (e.g., mulched alleys) and spot treat localized pest
outbreaks, if practical. Note: in certified organic production systems, insecticides should be
used as a last resort only, and the insecticides allowed are limited. For more information, see
Can I Use This Input On My Organic Farm?
 Mow weeds promptly after crop harvest to curtail seed formation, but consider delaying tillage
to allow seed predators time to consume weed seeds already shed. Postponing tillage until
spring maximizes potential weed seed consumption, but may open a niche for winter weeds;
waiting a few weeks usually allows for the most intensive period of weed seed predation in
early fall.
 Carefully evaluate the tradeoff between delayed postharvest tillage and prompt planting of
cover crops after harvest, which may require seedbed preparation. Consider overseeding
cover crops into standing vegetables, which eliminates post-harvest tillage and enhances
habitat for seed consumers.
 Maintain high levels of soil biological activity and soil quality through appropriate organic
matter inputs. Even if this does not significantly accelerate weed seed decay by soil microbes,
it will enhance crop vigor and competitiveness against weeds.
This article is part of a series on Twelve Steps Toward Ecological Weed Management in
Organic Vegetables. For more on managing the weed seed bank, see:
 Manage the Weed Seed Bank—Minimize "Deposits" and Maximize "Withdrawals"
 Manipulating Weed Seed Banks to Promote their Decline
 Keeping New Weedy Invaders Out of the Field
References and Citations
 Brust, G. E., and G. J. House. 1988. Weed seed destruction by arthropods and rodents in lowinput soybean agroecosystems. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3(1): 19–25.
(Available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0889189300002083) (verified 23 March
2010).
 Cardina, J., H. M. Norquay, B. R. Stinner, and D. A. McCartney. 1996. Postdispersal predation
of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) seeds. Weed Science 44: 534–539. (Available online at:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4045631) (verified 23 March 2010).
 Davis, A. S. 2004. Managing weed seedbanks throughout the growing season [Online]. New
Agriculture Network Vol. 1 No. 2. Available at: http://www.ipm.msu.edu/newag/issues04/04-29.htm#3 (verified 11 March 2010).
 Davis, A. S., and K. A. Renner. 2006. Influence of seed depth and pathogens on fatal
germination of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and giant foxtail (Setaria faberi). Weed
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Science 55: 30–35. (Available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/W-06-099.1) (verified 23
March 2010).
Gallandt, E. R. 2003. Soil improving practices for ecological weed management. p 267–284. In
Indergit (ed.) Weed biology and management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordecht,
Netherlands.
Gallandt, E. R. 2006. How can we target the weed seedbank? Weed Science 54: 588–596.
(Available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WS-05-063R.1) (verified 23 March 2010).
Kremer, R. J., and N. R. Spencer. 1989. Impact of a seed-feeding insect and microorganisms
on velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) seed viability. Weed Science 37: 211–216. (Available
online at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4044846) (verified 23 March 2010).
Kumar, V., D. C. Brainard, and R. R. Bellinder. 2008. Suppression of Powell amaranth
(Amaranthus powellii), shepherd's-purse (Capsella Bursa-pastoris), and corn chamomile
(Anthemis arvensis) by buckwheat residues: Role of nitrogen and fungal pathogens. Weed
Science 56: 271–280. (Available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WS-07-106.1) (verified
23 March 2010).
Liebman, M., C. L. Mohler, and C. P. Staver. 2001. Ecological management of agricultural
weeds. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Maulsby, D. 2006. Free weed control service: mice [Online]. Rodale Institute. Available at:
http://www.newfarm.org/features/2006/0306/weedcontrol/maulsby.shtml (verified 11
March 2010).
Menalled, F. D., M. Liebman, and K. Renner. 2006. The ecology of weed seed predation in
herbaceous crop systems. p 297–327. In H. P. Singh et al. (ed.) Handbook of sustainable
weed management. Food Products Press, New York.
Menalled, F. D., R. G. Smith, J. T. Dauer, and T. B. Fox. 2007. Impact of agricultural
management on carabid communities and weed seed predation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 118: 49–54. (Available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.04.011)
(verified 23 March 2010).
Pitty, A., D. W. Staniforth, and L. H. Tiffany. 1987. Fungi associated with caryopses of Setaria
species from field-harvested seeds and from soil under two tillage systems. Weed Science 35:
319–323. (Available online at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4044591) (verified 23 March
2010).
Shearin, A. F., S. C. Reberg-Horton, and E. R. Gallandt. 2008. Cover crop effects on the
activity-density of the weed seed predator Harpalus rufipes (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Weed
Science 56: 442–450. (Available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WS-07-137.1) (verified
23 March 2010).
Westerman, P. L., M. Liebman, F. D. Menalled, A. H. Heggenstaller, R. G. Hartzler, and P. M.
Dixon. 2005. Are many little hammers effective? Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) poplution
dynamics in two- and four-year crop rotation systems. Weed Science 53: 382–392. (Available
online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WS-04-130R) (verified 23 March 2010).
White, S. S., K. A. Renner, F. D. Menalled, and D. A. Landis. 2007. Feeding preferences of
weed seed predators and effect on weed emergence. Weed Science 55: 606–612. (Available
online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WS-06-162.1) (verified 23 March 2010).
This is an eOrganic article and was reviewed for compliance with National Organic Program
regulations by members of the eOrganic community. Always check with your organic certification
agency before adopting new practices or using new materials. For more information, refer to
eOrganic's articles on organic certification.
eOrganic 2852
Russie: l’ appellation « produit biologique » réglementée
LeQuebecBio.com - lun, 2012/07/23 - 11:02
Le Ministère de l'Agriculture de la Russie est déterminé à fixer des règles
d'utilisation strictes de l'appellation « produit biologique ». Celles-ci vont être définies grâce au
projet de loi concernant « la production des aliments issus de l’ agriculture biologique ». La loi
prévoit également de soumettre la production des denrées alimentaires à un contrôle strict, en
mettant en place une certification des produits. Les représentants du ministère ont affirmé
qu’ une série de notions et d’ expressions avaient été clairement définies, notamment la mention
« produit issu de l'agriculture biologique ». À ce jour, ces termes n’ existaient pas dans la
législation russe.
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