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CHAPTER 1
THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. The First Humans
A. The Hunter-Gatherers of the Old Stone Age
B. The Neolithic Revolution (c. 10,000-4,000 B.C.)
1. An Agricultural Revolution
2. Neolithic farming villages
3. Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution
II. The Emergence of Civilization
III. Civilization in Mesopotamia
A. The City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia
1. Sumerian cities
2. Kingship
3. Economy and Society
B. Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia
1. Sargon’s Empire
2. Hammurabi’s Empire
C. The Code of Hammurabi
D. The Culture of Mesopotamia
1. The Importance of Religion
2. Writing
3. Mesopotamian Literature
4. Mathematics and Astronomy
IV. Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile”
A. The Impact of Geography
B. The Old and Middle Kingdoms
1. The Old Kingdom
2. The Middle Kingdom
C. Society and Economy in Ancient Egypt
D. The Culture of Egypt
1. Spiritual Life in Egyptian Society
2. The Pyramids
3. Art and Writing
E. Chaos and a New Order: The New Kingdom
1. The Egyptian Empire
2. Akhenaten and Religious Change
3. The End of Empire
F. Life in Ancient Egypt
V. On the Fringes of Civilization
A. The Impact of the Indo-Europeans
1. The Hittite Empire
VI. Conclusion
CHAPTER 2
THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: PEOPLES AND EMPIRES
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. The Hebrews: “The Children of Israel”
A. The United Kingdom
1. Solomon
B. The Divided Kingdom
C. The Spiritual Dimensions of Israel
1. “I Am the Lord Your God”: Ruler of the World
2. “You Only Have I Chosen”: Covenant and Law
3. The Prophets
D. The Social Structure of the Hebrews
1. Social Patterns
2. Family
3. Marriage and Women
II. The Neighbors of the Israelites
III. The Assyrian Empire
A. Organization of the Empire
B. The Assyrian Military Machine
C. Assyrian Society and Culture
IV. The Neo-Babylonian Empire
V. The Persian Empire
A. Cyrus the Great
B. Expanding the Empire
C. Governing the Empire
D. The Great King
E. Persian Religion
VI. Conclusion
CHAPTER 3
THE CIVILIZATION OF THE GREEKS
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Early Greece
A. Minoan Crete
B. The First Greek State: Mycenae
II. The Greeks in a Dark Age (c. 1100–c. 750 B.C.)
A. Homer and Homeric Greece
B. Homer’s Enduring Importance
III. The World of the Greek City-States (c. 750–c. 500 B.C.)
A. The Polis
1. A New Military System: The Hoplites
B. Colonization and the Growth of Trade
1. The Effects of Colonization
C. Tyranny in the Greek Polis
1. The Example of Corinth
D. Sparta
1. The New Sparta
2. The Spartan State
E. Athens
1. The Reforms of Solon
2. The Move to Tyranny
3. The Reforms of Cleisthenes
F. Greek Culture in the Archaic Age
IV. The High Point of Greek Civilization: Classical Greece
A. The Challenge of Persia
1. The First Persian Attack
2. The Invasion of Xerxes
B. The Growth of an Athenian Empire
1. The Age of Pericles
2. Athenian Imperialism
C. The Great Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.)
D. The Decline of the Greek States (404-338 B.C.)
V. Culture and Society of Classical Greece
A. The Writing of History
1. Thucydides
B. Greek Drama
1. Aeschylus
2. Sophocles
3. Euripides
4. Greek Comedy
C. The Arts: The Classical Ideal
D. The Greek Love of Wisdom
1. Socrates
2. Plato
3. Aristotle
F. Greek Religion
G. Daily Life in Classical Athens
1. Slavery and the Economy
2. A Simple Lifestyle
3. Family and Relationships
VI. Conclusion
CHAPTER 4
THE HELLENISTIC WORLD
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Macedonia and the Conquests of Alexander
A. Philip and the Conquest of Greece
B. Alexander the Great
1. Alexander’s Conquests
2. Alexander’s Ideals
3. Alexander’s Legacy
II. The World of the Hellenistic Kingdoms
A. Hellenistic Monarchies
1. Antigonid Kingdom of Macedonia
2. The Seleucid Kingdom
3. Kingdom of Pergamum
4. Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt
B. The Threat from the Celts
C. Political and Military Institutions
D. Hellenistic Cities
E. Economic Trends
III. Hellenistic Society
A. New Opportunities for Upper-Class Women
B. The Role of Slavery
C. The Transformation of Education
IV. Culture in the Hellenistic World
A. New Directions in Literature
B. Hellenistic Art
C. A Golden Age of Science and Medicine
1. Archimedes
2. Medicine
D. Philosophy: New Schools of Thought
1. Epicureanism
2. Stoicism
V. Religion in the Hellenistic World
A. Mystery Religions
B. The Jews in the Hellenistic World
VI. Conclusion
CHAPTER 5
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. The Emergence of Rome
A. Geography of the Italian Peninsula
B. The Greeks
C. The Etruscans
D. Early Rome
II. The Roman Republic (c. 509–264 B.C.)
A. The Roman State
1. Political Institutions
2. Social Organization
3. The Struggle of the Orders
B. The Roman Conquest of Italy
III. The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean (264-133 B.C.)
A. The Struggle with Carthage
1. Hannibal and the Second Punic War
2. The Destruction of Carthage
B. The Eastern Mediterranean
C. The Nature of Roman Imperialism
IV. Society and Culture in the Roman Republic
A. Roman Religion
1. The Importance of Ritual
2. The Use of Omens
3. Household Cults
4. Religious Festivals
B. Education: The Importance of Rhetoric
C. The Growth of Slavery
D. The Roman Family
1. Marriage
2. Upper-class Women
E. The Evolution of Roman Law
F. The Development of Literature and Art
1. Plautus
2. Terence
3. Latin Prose
4. Roman Art
G. Values and Attitudes
V. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.)
A. Background: Social, Economic, and Political Problems
1. Division of the Aristocrats
2. Role of the Equestrians
3. The Land Problem
B. The Reforms of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
C. Marius and the New Roman Army
D. The Role of Sulla
E. The Death of the Republic
1. The Rise of Pompey
2. The Role of Cicero
3. The Struggle Between Pompey and Caesar
4. The Final Struggle: Octavian Versus Antony
F. Literature in the Late Republic
1. Catullus
2. Lucretius
3. Cicero
4. Salllust
5. Caesar
VI. Conclusion
CHAPTER 6
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. The Age of Augustus (31 B.C.–A.D. 14)
A. The New Order
B. The Army
1. Praetorian Guard
C. Roman Provinces and Frontiers
1. Frontier Policy
D. Augustan Society
1. The Social Order
2. Augustus’ Reforms
E. A Golden Age of Latin Literature
1. Virgil
2. Horace
3. Ovid
4. Livy
II. The Early Empire (14-180)
A. The Julio-Claudians (14-68)
B. The Flavians (69-96)
C. The Five “Good Emperors” (96-180)
D. The Roman Empire at its Height: Frontiers and Provinces
1. Roman Frontiers
2. Role of the Army
3. Importance of Cities
E. Prosperity in the Early Empire
III. Roman Culture and Society in the Early Empire
A. The Silver Age of Latin Literature
1. Seneca
2. Tacitus
3. Juvenal
B. Art in the Early Empire
C. Imperial Rome
D. The Gladiatorial Shows
E. Disaster in Southern Italy
F. The Art of Medicine
G. Roman Law in the Early Empire
H. Slaves and Their Masters
I. The Upper-Class Roman Family
IV. The Transformation of the Roman World: Crises in the Third Century
A. Political and Military Woes
B. Economic and Social Crises
V. The Transformation of the Roman World: The Ride of Christianity
A. The Religious World of the Roman Empire
B. The Jewish Background
C. The Rise of Christianity
1. The Importance of Paul
2. The Spread of Christianity
3. Early Christian Communities
4. Changing Roman View of Christianity
D. The Growth of Christianity
1. The Appeal of Christianity
2. Persecution
VI. Conclusion
CHAPTER 7
LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EMERGENCE OF
THE MEDIEVAL WORLD
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
A. The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine
1. Political Reforms
2. Military Reforms
3. Economic and Social Trends
4. Constantine’s Building Program
B. The Empire’s New Religion
1. The Conversion of Constantine
2. Organization and Religious Disputes
3. Arianism
C. The End of the Western Empire
1. The Germans
2. German Migrations
3. The Threat of the Germans
4. Role of Masters of the Soldiers
II. The Germanic Kingdoms
A. The Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy
1. Theodoric’s Rule
2. End of the Ostrogothic Kingdom
B. The Visigothic Kingdom of Spain
C. The Frankish Kingdom
1. The Rule of Clovis
2. The Successors of Clovis
D. Anglo-Saxon England
E. The Society of the Germanic Kingdoms
1. Germanic Law
2. The Frankish Family and Marriage
III. The Development of the Christian Church
A. The Church Fathers
1. The Work of Augustine
2. Jerome and the Bible
B. The Power of the Pope
C. Church and State
D. Pope Gregory the Great
E. The Monks and Their Missions
1. Benedictine Monasticism
2. Irish Monks as Missionaries
3. The Conversion of England
4. Women and Monasticism
5. The Path of Celibacy
F. Christian Intellectual Life in the Germanic Kingdoms
1. Cassiodorus
2. Bede
IV. The Byzantine Empire
A. The Reign of Justinian (527-565)
1. The Codification of Roman Law
2. Intellectual Life under Justinian
3. The Empress Theodora
4. The Emperor’s Building Program
5. Life in Constantinople
B. From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire
1. The Byzantine Empire in the Eighth Century
V. The Rise of Islam
A. Muhammad
B. The Teachings of Islam
C. The Spread of Islam
VI. Conclusion
CHAPTER 8
EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION IN THE EARLY MIDDLE
AGES, 750-1000
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Europeans and the Environment
A. Farming
B. The Climate
II. The World of the Carolingians
A. Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire (768-814)
1. Expansion of the Carolingian Empire
2. Governing the Empire
3. Charlemagne as Emperor
B. The Carolingian Intellectual Renewal
C. Life in the Carolingian World
1. The Family and Marriage
2. Christianity and Sexuality
3. New Attitudes Toward Children
4. Travel and Hospitality
5. Diet
6. Health
III. Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire
A. Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
1. Muslims and Magyars
2. The Vikings
IV. The Emerging World of Lords and Vassals
A. Vassalage
B. Fief-holding
1. Mutual Obligations
C. New Political Configurations in the Tenth Century
1. The Eastern Franks
2. The Western Franks
3. Anglo-Saxon England
D. The Manorial System
V. The Zenith of Byzantine Civilization
A. The Macedonian Dynasty
VI. The Slavic Peoples of Central and Eastern Europe
A. Western Slavs
B. Southern Slavs
C. Eastern Slavs
VII. The Expansion of Islam
A. The Abbasid Dynasty
B. Islamic Civilization
VIII. Conclusion
CHAPTER 9
THE RECOVERY AND GROWTH OF EUROPEAN
SOCIETY IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Land and People in the High Middle Ages
A. The New Agriculture
1. Technological Changes
2. The Three-Field System
B. The Life of the Peasantry
1. Holidays and the Village Church
2. The Peasant Household
3. Family and the Role of Women
4. The Peasant Diet
C. The Aristocracy and the High Middle Ages
1. The Significance of the Aristocracy
2. The Men of War
3. Castles
4. Aristocratic Women
5. The Way of the Warrior
6. The Role of Tournaments
D. Marriage Patterns of the Aristocracy
II. The New World of Trade and Cities
A. The Revival of Trade
B. The Growth of Cities
1. Founding of New Cities and Towns
2. The Rights of Townspeople
3. City Governments
4. Life in the Medieval City
C. Industry in Medieval Cities
III. The Intellectual and Artistic World of the High Middle Ages
A. The Rise of the Universities
1. The Origins of Universities
2. Teaching in the Medieval University
3. Students in the Medieval University
B. A Revival of Classical Antiquity
C. The Development of Scholasticism
1. Abelard
2. The Problem of Universals
3. Aquinas
D. The Revival of Roman Law
E. Literature in the High Middle Ages
1. Troubadour Poetry
2. The Heroic Epic
3. The Courtly Romance
F. Romanesque Architecture: “A White Mantle of Churches”
G. The Gothic Cathedral
V. Conclusion
CHAPTER 10
THE RISE OF KINGDOMS AND THE GROWTH OF
CHURCH POWER
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. The Emergence and Growth of European Kingdoms, 1000-1300
A. England in the High Middle Ages
1. William of Normandy
2. Henry II
3. King John and Magna Carta
4. Edward I and the Emergence of Parliament
B. The Growth of the French Kingdom
1. The Conquests of Phillip II
2. The Saintly Louis IX
3. Philip IV and the Estates-General
C. Christian Reconquest: The Spanish Kingdoms
1. The Reconquest
D. The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire: Germany and Italy
1. Involvement in Italy
2. Frederick I
3. Frederick II
E. New Kingdoms in Northern and Eastern Europe
F. The Mongol Empire
G. The Development of Russia
II. The Recovery and Reform of the Catholic Church
A. The Problems of Decline
B. The Cluniac Reform Movement
C. The Reform of the Papacy
1. Pope Gregory VII and Reform
2. The Investiture Controversy
III. Christianity and Medieval Civilization
A. Growth of the Papal Monarchy
1. Pontificate of Innocent III
B. New Religious Orders and Spiritual Ideals
1. Women in Religious Orders
2. Living the Gospel Life
C. Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages
1. The Importance of Saints
2. The Use of Relics
3. The Pilgrimage
D. Voices of Protest and Intolerance
1. Persecution of the Jews
2. Intolerance of Homosexuality
IV. The Crusades
A. Background to the Crusades
1. Islam and the Seljuk Turks
2. The Byzantine Empire
B. The Early Crusades
1. The First Crusade
2. The Second Crusade
3. The Third Crusade
C. The Crusades of the Thirteenth Century
D. Effects of the Crusades
V. Conclusion
CHAPTER 11
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES:
CRISIS AND DISINTEGRATION IN
THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis
A. Famine and Population
B. The Black Death
1. Spread of the Plague
2. Life and Death: Reactions to the Plague
C. Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval
1. Noble Landlords and Peasants
2. Peasant Revolt in France
3. An English Peasant Revolt
4. Revolts in the Cities
II. War and Political Instability
A. Causes of the Hundred Years’ War
B. Conduct and Course of the War
1. Early Phases of the War
2. Renewal of War
3. Joan of Arc
4. End of the War
C. Political Instability
D. The Growth of England’s Political Institutions
E. The Problems of the French Kings
F. The German Monarchy
1. Electoral Nature of the German Monarchy
G. The States of Italy
1. Duchy of Milan
2. Republic of Florence
3. Republic of Venice
III. The Decline of the Church
A. Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State
B. The Papacy at Avignon (1305-1377)
C. The Great Schism
D. New Thoughts on Church and State and the Rise of Conciliarism
1. The Conciliar Movement
E. Popular Religion in an Age of Adversity:
1. Mysticism and Lay Piety
2. Unique Female Mystical Experiences
F. Changes in Theology
IV. The Cultural World of the Fourteenth Century
A. The Development of Vernacular Literature
1. Dante
2. Petrarch
3. Boccaccio
4. Chaucer
5. Christine de Pizan
B. Art and the Black Death
V. Society in an Age of Adversity
A. Changes in Urban Life
1. Family Life and Sex Roles in Late Medieval Cities
2. Medieval Children
B. New Directions in Medicine
C. Inventions and New Patterns
1. The Clock
2. Eyeglasses and Paper
3. Gunpowder and Cannons
VI. Conclusion
CHAPTER 12
RECOVERY AND REBIRTH:
THE AGE OF THE RENAISSANCE
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance
II. The Making of Renaissance Society
A. Economic Recovery
1. Expansion of Trade
2. Industries Old and New
3.Banking and the Medici
B. Social Changes in the Renaissance
1. The Nobility
2. Peasants and Townspeople
3. Slavery in the Renaissance
C. The Family in Renaissance Italy
1. Marriage
2. Children
3. Sexual Norms
III. The Italian States in the Renaissance
A. The Five Major States
1. Republic of Florence
2. Papal States
3. Kingdom of Naples
B. Independent City-States
1. Urbino
2. The Role of Women
C. Warfare in Italy
D. The Birth of Modern Diplomacy
E. Machiavelli and the New Statecraft
1. The Prince
IV. The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy
A. Italian Renaissance Humanism
1. The Emergence of Humanism
2. Humanism in Fifteenth-Century Italy
3. Humanism and Philosophy
4. Renaissance Hermeticism
B. Education in the Renaissance
C. Humanism and History
1. Guicciardini
D. The Impact of Printing
V. The Artistic Renaissance
A. Art in the Early Renaissance
B. The Artistic High Renaissance
C. The Artist and Social Status
D. The Northern Artistic Renaissance
E. Music in the Renaissance
VI. The European State in the Renaissance
A. The Growth of the French Monarchy
B. England: Civil War and a New Monarchy
C. The Unification of Spain
D. The Holy Roman Empire: The Success of the Habsburgs
E. The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe
F. The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire
VII. The Church in the Renaissance
A. The Problems of Heresy and Reform
1. Wyclif and Lollardy
2. Hus and the Hussites
3. Reform in the Church
B. The Renaissance Papacy
VIII. Conclusion
CHAPTER 13
REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS WARFARE IN
THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Prelude to Reformation
A. Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism
1. Erasmus
2. Thomas More
B. Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation
II. Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany
A. The Early Luther
1. The Indulgence Controversy
2. The Quickening Rebellion
B. The Rise of Lutheranism
1. The Spread of Luther’s Ideas
2. The Peasants’ War
C. Church and State
D. Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics
1. The French, the Papacy, and the Turks
2. Politics in Germany
III. The Spread of the Protestant Reformation
A. Lutheranism in Scandinavia
B. The Zwinglian Reformation
1. Reforms in Zurich
2. A Futile Search for Unity
C. The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists
1. The Ideas of the Anabaptists
2. Varieties of Anabaptists
D. The Reformation in England
1. The New Order
2. Reaction Under Mary
E. John Calvin and Calvinism
1. Calvin’s Ideas
2. Calvin’s Geneva
IV. The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation
A. The Family
B. Education in the Reformation
C. Religious Practices and Popular Culture
V. The Catholic Reformation
A. Revival of the Old Orders
B. The Society of Jesus
1. Activities of the Jesuits
C. A Revived Papacy
D. The Council of Trent
VI. Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century
A. The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
1. Course of the Struggle
B. Philip II and the Cause of Militant Catholicism
C. The Revolt of the Netherlands
D. The England of Elizabeth
1. Religious Policy
2. Foreign Policy
3. The Spanish Armada
VII. Conclusion
CHAPTER 14
EUROPE AND THE WORLD:
NEW ENCOUNTERS, 1500-1800
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. On the Brink of a New World
A. The Motives
1. Fantastic Lands
2. Economic Motives
3. Religious Zeal
B. The Means
1. Maps
2. Ships and Sailing
II. New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish Empires
A. The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire
1. The Portuguese in India
2. In Search of Spices
B. Voyages to the New World
1. The Voyages of Columbus
2. New Voyages
C. The Spanish Empire in the New World
1. Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica
2. Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire
3. The Inca
4. Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire
5. Administration of the Spanish Empire
III. New Rivals On the World Stage
A. Africa: The Slave Trade
1. Origins of the Slave Trade
2. Growth in the Slave Trade
3. Effects the Slave Trade
B. The West in Southeast Asia
C. The French and British in India
1. The Mughal Empire
2. The Impact of the Western Powers
D. China
1. The Ming and Qing Dynasties
2. Western Inroads
E. Japan
1. Opening to the West
F. The Americas
1. West Indies
2. British North America
3. French North America
IV. Toward a World Economy
A. Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century
B. The Growth of Commercial Capitalism
C. Mercantilism
D. Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization
V. The Impact of European Expansion
A. The Conquered
1. Catholic Missionaries
B. The Conquerors
VI. Conclusion
CHAPTER 15
STATE BUILDING AND THE SEARCH FOR ORDER IN
THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Social Crises, War, and Rebellions
A. The Witchcraft Craze
1. The Spread of Witchcraft
2. Decline
B. The Thirty Years’ War
1. Background to the War
2. The Bohemian Phase
3. The Danish Phase
4. The Swedish Phase
5. The Franco-Swedish Phase
6. Outcomes of the War
C. A Military Revolution?
D. Rebellions
II. The Practice of Absolutism: Western Europe
A. Absolute Monarchy in France
1. Foundations of French Absolutism: Cardinal Richelieu
2. Cardinal Mazarin
B. The Reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715)
1. Administration of the Government
2. Religious Policy
3. Financial Issues
4. Daily Life at the Court of Versailles
5. The Wars of Louis XIV
C. The Decline of Spain
1. Reign of Philip IV
III. Absolutism in Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe
A. The German States
1. The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia
2. The Emergence of Austria
B. Italy: From Spanish to Austrian Rule
C. Russia: From Fledgling Principality to Major Power
1. The Reign of Peter the Great (1689-1725)
2. Russia as a Military Power
D. The Great Northern States
1. Denmark
2. Sweden
E. The Ottoman Empire
F. The Limits of Absolutism
IV. Limited Monarchy and Republics
A. The Weakness of the Polish Monarchy
B. The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic
1. Life in Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam
C. England and the Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy
1. King James I and Parliament
2. Charles I and the Move toward Revolution
3. Civil War in England
4. Cromwell and New Governments
5. Restoration of the Monarchy
6. A Glorious Revolution
7. Responses to Revolution
V. The Flourishing of European Culture
A. The Changing Faces of Art
1. Mannerism
2. The Baroque Period
3. French Classicism
4. Dutch Realism
B. A Wondrous Age of Theater
1. William Shakespeare
2. Spain’s Golden Century
3. French Drama
VI. Conclusion
CHAPTER 16
TOWARD A NEW HEAVEN AND A NEW EARTH:
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND THE EMERGENCE
OF MODERN SCIENCE
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Background to the Scientific Revolution
A. Ancient Authors and Renaissance Artists
B. Technological Innovations and Mathematics
C. Renaissance Magic
II. Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy
A. Copernicus
B. Brahe
C. Kepler
D. Galileo
1. Galileo and the Inquisition
2. Galileo and the Problem of Motion
E. Newton
1. Newton and the Occult
2. Universal Law of Gravitation
III. Advances in Medicine and Chemistry
A. Paracelsus
B. Vesalius
C. William Harvey
D. Chemistry
IV. Women in the Origins of Modern Science
A. Margaret Cavendish
B. Maria Merian
C. Maria Winkelmann
D. Debates on the Nature of Women
V. Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind
VI. The Scientific Method and the Spread of Scientific Knowledge
A. The Scientific Method
1. Francis Bacon
2. Descartes
B. Spread of Scientific Knowledge
1. The Scientific Societies
2. Science and Society
VII. Science and Religion in the Seventeenth Century
A. Spinoza
B. Pascal
VIII. Conclusion
CHAPTER 17
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: AN AGE OF
ENLIGHTENEMENT
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. The Enlightenment
A. The Paths to Enlightenment
1. The Popularization of Science
2. A New Skepticism
3. The Impact of Travel Literature
4. The Legacy of Locke and Newton
B. The Philosophes and Their Ideas
1. Montesquieu and Political Thought
2. Voltaire and the Enlightenment
3. Diderot and the Encyclopedia
4. The New “Science of Man”
5. The Later Enlightenment
6. Rousseau and the Social Contract
7. The “Woman’s Question” in the Enlightenment
C. The Social Environment of the Philosophes
II. Culture and Society in the Enlightenment
A. Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature
1. The Development of Music
2. The Development of the Novel
3. The Writing of History
B. The High Culture of the Eighteenth Century
1. Education and Universities
C. Crime and Punishment
D. The World of Medicine
E. Popular Culture
1. Carnival
2. Taverns and Alcohol
3. Literacy and Primary Education
III. Religion and the Churches
A. The Institutional Church
1. Church-State Relations
2. Toleration and Religious Minorities
3. Toleration and the Jews
B. Popular Religion in the Eighteenth Century
1. Catholic Piety
2. Protestant Revivalism: Pietism
3. Wesley and Methodism
IV. Conclusion
CHAPTER 18
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY:
EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND
SOCIAL CHANGE
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. The European States
A. Enlightened Absolutism?
B. The Atlantic Seaboard States
1. France: The Problems of the French Monarchs
2. Great Britain: King and Parliament
3. The Decline of the Dutch Republic
C. Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe
1. Prussia: The Army and the Bureaucracy
2. The Austrian Empire of the Habsburgs
3. Russia under Catherine the Great
4. The Destruction of Poland
D. The Mediterranean World
1. Portugal
2. The Italian States
E. The Scandinavian States
F. Enlightened Absolutism Revisited
II. Wars and Diplomacy
A. The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
B. The Seven Years War (1756-1763)
1. Conflict in Europe
2. War in India
3. The French and Indian War
C. European Armies and Warfare
1. Composition of Armies
2. The Nature of Warfare
III. Economic Expansion and Social Change
A. Growth of the European Population
B. Family, Marriage, and Birthrate Patterns
1. Child Care
2. Marriage and Birthrates
C. An Agricultural Revolution?
D. New Methods of Finance
E. European Industry
1. Cottage Industry
2. New Methods and New Machines
IV. The Social Order of the Eighteenth Century
A. The Peasants
1. The Village
2. The Peasant Diet
B. The Nobility
1. The Aristocratic Way of Life: The Country House
2. The Aristocratic Way of Life: The Grand Tour
C. The Inhabitants of Towns and Cities
1. The Problem of Poverty
V. Conclusion
CHAPTER 19
A REVOLUTION IN POLITICS:
THE ERA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND
NAPOLEON
______________________________________________________
__
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. The Beginnings of the Revolutionary Era: The American Revolution
A. The War for Independence
B. Forming a New Nation
C. The Impact of the American Revolution on Europe
II. Background to the French Revolution
A. Social Structure of the Old Regime
1. The First Estate
2. The Second Estate
3. The Third Estate
B. Other Problems Facing the French Monarchy
1. Ideas of the Philosophes
2. Failure to Make Reforms
3. Financial Crisis
III. The French Revolution
A. From Estates-General to a National Assembly
1. The National Assembly
2. Intervention of the Common People
3. Peasant Rebellions and the Great Fear
B. Destruction of the Old Regime
1. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
2. The Women’s March to Versailles
3. The Catholic Church
4. A New Constitution
5. Opposition from Within
6. Opposition from Abroad
C. The Radical Revolution
1. Domestic Crises
2. Foreign Crisis
3. A Nation in Arms
4. The Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror
5. The “Republic of Virtue”
6. The Role of Women
7. Dechristianization and the New Calendar
8. Equality and Slavery
9. Decline of the Committee of Public Safety
D. Reaction and the Directory
IV. The Age of Napoleon
A. The Rise of Napoleon
1. Napoleon’s Military Career
2. Napoleon in Control
B. The Domestic Policies of Emperor Napoleon
1. Napoleon and the Catholic Church
2. A New Code of Laws
3. The French Bureaucracy
4. Napoleon’s Growing Despotism
C. Napoleon’s Empire and the European Response
1. Napoleon’s Grand Empire
2. The Problem of Great Britain
3. Nationalism
4. The Fall of Napoleon
V. Conclusion
CHAPTER 20
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLTUION AND ITS IMPACT ON
EUROPEAN SOCIETY
____________________
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
A. Origins
1. Supply of Capital
2. Early Industrial Entrepreneurs
3. Mineral Resources
4. Role of Government
5. Markets
B. Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization
1. The Cotton Industry
2. The Steam Engine
3. The Iron Industry
4. A Revolution in Transportation
5. The Industrial Factory
C. Britain’s Great Exhibition of 1851
II. The Spread of Industrialization
A. Limitations to Industrialization
1. Borrowing Techniques and Practices
2. Role of Government
3. Joint-Stock Investment Banks
B. Centers of Continental Industrialization
C. The Industrial Revolution in the United States
1. The Need for Transportation
2. The Labor Force
D. Limiting the Spread of Industrialization to the Nonindustrialized World
1. The Example of India
III. The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution
A. Population Growth
1. The Great Hunger
2. Emigration
B. The Growth of Cities
1. Urban Living Conditions in the Early Industrial Revolution
2. Urban Reformers
C. New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class
1. The New Industrial Entrepreneurs
2. Significance of Industrial Entrepreneurs
D. New Social Classes: Workers in the Industrial Age
1. Working Conditions for the Industrial Working Class
E. Standards of Living
F. Efforts at Change: The Workers
1. The Trade Union Movement
2. Luddites
3. Chartism
G. Efforts at Change: Reformers and Government
1. Government Action
IV. Conclusion
CHAPTER 21
REACTION, REVOLUTION, AND ROMANTICISM,
1815-1850
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. The Conservative Order (1815-1830)
A. The Peace Settlement
1. The Principle of Legitimacy
2. A New Balance of Power
B. The Ideology of Conservatism
C. Conservative Domination: The Concert of Europe
1. The Principle of Intervention
2. The Revolt of Latin America
3. The Greek Revolt
D. Conservative Domination: The European States
1. Great Britain: Rule of the Tories
2. Restoration in France
3. Intervention in the Italian States and Spain
4. Repression in Central Europe
5. Russia: Autocracy of the Tsars
II. Ideologies of Change
A. Liberalism
1. Economic Liberalism
2. Political Liberalism
B. Nationalism
C. Early Socialism
1. Fourier
2. Owen
3. Blanc
4. Female Supporters
5. Tristan
III. Revolution and Reform (1830-1850)
A. Another French Revolution
B. Revolutionary Outbursts in Belgium, Poland, and Italy
C. Reform in Great Britain
1. The Reform Act of 1832
2. New Reform Legislation
D. The Revolutions of 1848
1. Yet Another French Revolution
2. Revolution in the Germanic States
3. Upheaval in the Austrian Empire
4. Revolts in the Italian States
5. The Failures of 1848
E. The Maturing of the United States
IV. The Emergence of an Ordered Society
A. New Police Forces
1. French Police
2. British Bobbies
3. Spread of Police Systems
4. Other Approaches to the Crime Problem
B. Prison Reform
V. Culture in an Age of Reaction and Revolution: The Mood of Romanticism
A. The Characteristics of Romanticism
B. Romantic Poets
1. Love of Nature
2. Critique of Science
C. Romanticism in Art
1. Friedrich
2. Turner
3. Delacroix
D. Romanticism in Music
1. Beethoven
2. Berlioz
E. The Revival of Religion in the Age of Romanticism
1. Catholicism
2. Protestantism
VI. Conclusion
CHAPTER 22
AN AGE OF NATIONALISM AND REALISM,
1850-1871
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. The France of Napoleon III
A. Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire
B. The Second Napoleonic Empire
1. Early Domestic Policies
2. Liberalization of the Regime
C. Foreign Policy: The Mexican Adventure
D. Foreign Policy: The Crimean War
1. The Ottoman Empire
2. War in the Crimea
II. National Unification: Italy and Germany
A. The Unification of Italy
1. The Leadership of Cavour
2. The Efforts of Garibaldi
B. The Unification of Germany
1. Bismarck
2. The Danish War (1864)
3. The Austro-Prussian War (1866)
4. The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
III. Nation Building and Reform: The National State in the Mid-Century
A. The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy
1. Ausgleich of 1867
B. Imperial Russia
1. Abolition of Serfdom
2. Other Reforms
C. Great Britain: The Victorian Age
1. Disraeli and the Reform Act of 1867
2. The Liberal Policies of Gladstone
D. The United States: Slavery and War
1. The Civil War
E. The Emergence of a Canadian Nation
IV. Industrialization and the Marxist Response
A. Industrialization on the Continent
B. Marx and Marxism
1. Ideas of the Communist Manifesto
2. Organizing the Working Classes
V. Science and Culture in an Age of Realism
A. A New Age of Science
B. Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution
1. The Theory of Evolution
C. A Revolution in Health Care
1. Pasteur and Germs
2. New Surgical Practices
3. New Public Health Measures
4. New Medical Schools
5. Women and Medical Schools
D. Science and the Study of Society
E. Realism in Literature
F. Realism in Art
1. Courbet
2. Millet
G. Music: The Twilight of Romanticism
1. Liszt
2. Wagner
VI. Conclusion
CHAPTER 23
THE MASS SOCIETY IN AN “AGE OF PROGRESS,”
1871-1894
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. The Growth of Industrial Prosperity
A. New Products
1. Chemicals
2. Electricity
3. The Internal Combustion Engine
B. New Markets
1. Tariffs and Cartels
2. Larger Factories
C. New Patterns in an Industrial Economy
1. German Industrial Leadership
2. European Economic Zones
3. The Spread of Industrialization
4. A World Economy
D. Women and Work: New Job Opportunities
1. White-Collar Jobs
2. Prostitution
E. Organizing the Working Classes
1. Socialist Parties
2. Evolutionary Socialism
3. The Problem of Nationalism
4. The Role of Trade Unions
5. The Anarchist Alternative
II. The Emergence of Mass Society
A. Population Growth
B. Emigration
C. Transformation of the Urban Environment
1. Improving Living Conditions
2. Housing Needs
3. Redesigning the Cities
D. Social Structure of Mass Society
1. The Upper Classes
2. The Middle Classes
3. The Lower Classes
E. The “Woman Question”: The Role of Women
1. Marriage and Domesticity
2. Birthrates and Birth Control
3. The Middle-Class Family
4. The Working-Class Family
F. Education in the Mass Society
1. Universal Elementary Education
2. Female Teachers
3. Literacy and Newspapers
G. Mass Leisure
1. Music and Dance Halls
2. Mass Tourism
3. Team Sports
III. The National State
A. Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy
1. Reform in Britain
2. The Third Republic in France
3. Spain
4. Italy
B. Central and Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order
1. Germany
2. Austria-Hungary
3. Russia
IV. Conclusion
CHAPTER 24
AN AGE OF MODERNITY, ANXIETY, AND
IMPERIALISM, 1894-1914
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual and Cultural Developments
A. Developments in the Sciences: The Emergence of a New Physics
1. The Work of Einstein
B. Toward a New Understanding of the Irrational
1. Nietzsche
2. Bergson
3. Sorel
C. Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis
1. Role of the Unconscious
D. The Impact of Darwin
1. Social Darwinism
2. Racism
E. The Attack on Christianity
1. Response of the Churches
F. The Culture of Modernity: Literature
1. Naturalism
2. Symbolism
G. Modernism in the Arts
1. Impressionism
2. Post-Impressionism
3. The Search for Individual Expressionism
H. Modernism in Music
1. Grieg
2. Debussy
II. Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties
A. The Movement for Women’s Rights
1. New Professions
2. The Right to Vote
3. Efforts for Peace
4. The New Woman
B. Jews within the European Nation-State
1. Anti-Semitism in the Austrian Empire and Germany
2. Persecution of Jews in Eastern Europe
3. The Zionist Movement
C. The Transformation of Liberalism: Great Britain and Italy
1. Great Britain
2. Italy
D. France: Travails of the Third Republic
E. Growing Tensions in Germany
F. Austria-Hungary: The Problem of the Nationalities
G. Industrialization and Revolution in Imperial Russia
1. The Revolution of 1905
2. Failure of the Revolution
H. The Rise of the United States
I. The Growth of Canada
III. The New Imperialism
A. Causes of the New Imperialism
1. The Role of Social Darwinism and Racism
2. Religious Motives
3. The Economic Motive
B. The Scramble for Africa
1. South Africa
2. Portuguese and French Possessions
3. Other British Possessions
4. Belgium and Central Africa
5. German Possessions
6. Impact on Africa
C. Imperialism in Asia
1. The British in Asia
2. China
3. Japan and Korea
4. Southeast Asia
5. American Imperialism
D. Responses to Imperialism
1. Africa
2. China
3. Japan
4. India
E. Results of the New Imperialism
IV. International Rivalry and the Coming of War
A. The Bismarckian System
1. The Balkans: Decline of Ottoman Power
2. New Alliances
B. New Directions and New Crises
1. Crises in the Balkans, 1908-1913
V. Conclusion
CHAPTER 25
THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY
CRISIS: WAR AND REVOLUTION
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. The Road to World War I
A. Nationalism
B. Internal Dissent
C. Militarism
D. The Outbreak of War: The Summer of 1914
1. Another Crisis in the Balkans
2. Assassination of Francis Ferdinand
3. Declarations of War
II. The War
A. 1914-1915: Illusions and Stalemate
1. War in the West
2. War in the East
B. 1916-1917: The Great Slaughter
1. Daily Life in the Trenches
C. The Widening of the War
1. A Global Conflict
2. Entry of the United States
D. A New Kind of Warfare
1. Tanks
E. The Home Front: The Impact of Total War
1. Total War: Political Centralization and Economic Regimentation
2. Public Order and Public Opinion
3. The Social Impact of Total War
III. War and Revolution
A. The Russian Revolution
1. The March Revolution
2. The Bolshevik Revolution
3. Civil War
B. The Last Year of the War
1. The Casualties of the War
C. Revolutionary Upheavals in Germany and Austria-Hungary
IV. The Peace Settlement
A. Peace Aims
B. The Treaty of Versailles
C. The Other Peace Treaties
V. Conclusion
CHAPTER 26
THE FUTILE SEARCH FOR A NEW STABILITY:
EUROPE BETWEEN THE WARS, 1919-1939
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. An Uncertain Peace: The Search for Security
A. The French Policy of Coercion (1919-1924)
B. The Hopeful Years (1924-1929)
1. The Spirit of Locarno
2. Coexistence with Soviet Russia
C. The Great Depression
1. Causes
2. Unemployment
3. Social and Political Repercussions
II. The Democratic States
A. Great Britain
B. France
C. The Scandinavian Example
D. The United States
E. European States and the World: The Colonial Empire
1. The Middle East
2. India
3. Africa
III. Retreat from Democracy: The Authoritarian and Totalitarian States
A. Fascist Italy
1. Impact of World War I
2. The Birth of Fascism
3. Mussolini and the Italian Fascist State
B. Hitler and Nazi Germany
1. Weimar Germany
2. The Emergence of Adolph Hitler
3. The Rise of the Nazis
4. The Nazi Seizure of Power
5. The Nazi State (1933-1939)
C. The Soviet Union
1. The New Economic Policy
2. The Struggle for Power
3. The Stalinist Era (1929-1939)
D. Authoritarianism in Eastern Europe
E. Dictatorship in the Iberian Peninsula
1. The Spanish Civil War
2. The Franco Regime
3. Portugal
IV. The Expansion of Mass Culture and Mass Leisure
A. Radio and Movies
B. Mass Leisure
1. Sports
2. Tourism
3. Organized Mass Leisure in Italy and Germany
V. Cultural and Intellectual Trends in the Interwar Years
A. Nightmares and New Visions: Art and Music
1. The Dada Movement
2. Surrealism
3. Functionalism in Modern Architecture
4. A Popular Audience
5. Art in Totalitarian Regimes
6. A New Style in Music
B. The Search for the Unconscious in Literature
C. The Unconscious in Psychology: Carl Jung
D. The “Heroic Age of Physics”
VI. Conclusion
CHAPTER 27
THE DEEPENING OF THE EUROPEAN CRISIS:
WORLD WAR II
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Prelude to War (1933-1939)
A. The Role of Hitler
B. The “Diplomatic Revolution” (1933-1936)
1. German Rearmament
2. Occupation of the Rhineland
3. New Alliances
C. The Path to War in Europe (1937-1939)
1. Austria
2. Czechoslovakia
3. Poland
D. The Path to War in Asia
1. Japanese Goals in East Asia
II. The Course of World War II
A. Victory and Stalemate
1. Hitler’s Attack in the West
2. The Problem of Britain
3. Invasion of the Soviet Union
B. The War in Asia
C. The Turning Point of the War (1942-1943)
1. Battle of Stalingrad
2. Battle of Midway
D. The Last Years of the War
1. Allied Advances in the West
2. Soviet Offensive in the East
3. Defeat of Japan
III. The New Order
A. The Nazi Empire
1. Plans for an Aryan Racial Empire
2. Economic Exploitation
3. Use of Foreign Workers
B. Resistance Movements
1. Resistance Movements in Nazi-Occupied Europe
2. Resistance Movements in Germany
C. The Holocaust
1. Early Nazi Policy
2 The Death Camps
3. The Other Holocaust
D. The New Order in Asia
IV. The Home Front
A. The Mobilization of Peoples
1. Great Britain
2. The Soviet Union
3. The United States
4. Germany
5. Japan
B. Frontline Civilians: The Bombing of Cities
1. Luftwaffe Attacks
2. The Bombing of Germany
3. The Bombing of Japan: The Atomic Bomb
V. Aftermath of the War: Cold War
A. The Conference at Tehran
1. The Yalta Conference
B. Intensifying Differences
1. The Potsdam Conference
C. The Emergence of the Cold War
VI. Conclusion
CHAPTER 28
COLD WAR AND A NEW WESTERN WORLD,
1945-1973
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Development of the Cold War
A. Confrontation of the Superpowers
1. Disagreement Over Eastern Europe
2. The Truman Doctrine
3. The Marshall Plan
4. The American Policy of Containment
5. Contention Over Germany
6. New Military Alliances
B. Globalization of the Cold War
1. The Korean War
2. Escalation of the Cold War
3. Another Berlin Crisis
4. The Cuban Missile Crisis
5. The Vietnam War
II. Europe and the World: Decolonization
A. Africa: The Struggle for Independence
B. Conflict in The Middle East
1. The Question of Palestine
2. Nasser and Pan-Arabism
3. The Arab-Israeli Dispute
C. Asia: Nationalism and Communism
1. China under Communism
D. Decolonization and Cold War Rivalries
III. Recovery and Renewal in Europe
A. The Soviet Union: From Stalin to Khrushchev
1. Stalin’s Policies
2. Khrushchev’s Rule
B. Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain
1. Albania and Yugoslavia
2. Upheaval in Eastern Europe
C. Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the Economy
1. France: The Domination of de Gaulle
2. West Germany: A Reconceived Nation
3. Great Britain: The Welfare State
4. Italy: Weak Coalition Government
D. Western Europe: The Move toward Unity
IV. The United States and Canada: A New Era
A. American Politics and Society in the 1950s
B. Decade of Upheaval: America in the 1960s
1. Civil Rights Movement
2. Antiwar Protests
C. The Development of Canada
V. Postwar Society and Culture in the Western World
A. The Structure of European Society
1. A Society of Consumers
2. Mass Leisure
B. Creation of the Welfare State
1. Gender Issues in the Welfare State
C. Women in the Postwar Western World
1. Women in the Workforce
2. The Feminist Movement: The Search for Liberation
D. The Permissive Society
E. Education and Student Revolt
F. Postwar Art and Literature
1. Art
2. Literature
G. The Philosophical Dilemma: Existentialism
1. The Revival of Religion
H. The Explosion of Popular Culture
1. Culture as a Consumer Commodity
2. The Americanization of the World
VI. Conclusion
CHAPTER 29
THE WESTERN WORLD SINCE 1973
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Toward a New Western Order
A. The Revolutionary Era in the Soviet Union
1. The Brezhnev Years
2. The Gorbachev Era
3. The End of the Soviet Union
B. Eastern Europe: The Revolutions of 1989 and the Collapse of the Communist Order
1. Poland
2. Hungary
3. Czechoslovakia
4. Romania
5. Bulgaria
C. The Reunification of Germany
D. The Disintegration of Yugoslavia
1. The War in Bosnia
2. The War in Kosovo
3. The Aftermath
E. Western Europe: The Winds of Change
1. Germany Restored
2. Great Britain: Thatcher and Thatcherism
3. Uncertainties in France
4. Confusion in Italy
F. The Unification of Europe
1. Goals
2. Problems
3. Toward a United Europe
G. The United States: Turmoil, Tranquility, and Terrorism
1. Economic Problems
2. The Reagan Revolution
3. The Clinton Years
4. George W. Bush
H. Contemporary Canada
III. After the Cold War: New World Order or Age of Terrorism?
A. The End of the Cold War
B. An Age of Terrorism?
C. Terrorist Attack on the United States
D. The West and Islam
IV. New Directions and New Problems in Western Society
A. Transformation in Women’s Lives
1. The Women’s Movement
B. Guest Workers and Immigrants
C. The Environment and the Green Movements
V. Western Culture Today
A. Postmodern Thought
B. Trends in Art, Literature, and Music
1. Art
2. Literature
3. Music
C. Varieties of Religious Life
1. The Growth of Islam
2. Pope John Paul II
D. The World of Science and Technology
1. The Computer
2. Dangers of Science and Technology
3. New Conception of the Universe
E. Popular Culture: Image and Globalization
1. Film: Fantasy and Epics
2. The Growth of Mass Sports
3. Popular Culture: Increasingly Global
VI. Toward a Global Civilization?