Download Chapter 7 Guided Reading (Muscular System)

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Honors A&P
Muscular System Guided Reading (pp.184-234)
pp. 184-190
Introduction
1) What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Functions of Skeletal Muscle
2) Describe the five functions of skeletal muscle.
The Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles
3) What are the three layers of connective tissue and what do they surround?
4) What is a tendon?
5) What is an aponeurosis?
6) Why are skeletal muscles often called voluntary muscles?
7) What are two ways muscle cells differ from “typical” cells?
8) A muscle cell is also called a muscle ________________________.
9) What is the sarcolemma?
10)What role do T-tubules play in muscle contraction?
11)Myofilaments contain which two proteins?
12)What two things provide energy for muscle contraction?
13)What is a sarcomere? What is its function?
14)Label the diagram with the following terms: I band, A band, Z line, M line, thick
filaments, and thin filaments.
15)What is an active site? What effect does calcium have on active sites?
16)What are the two parts of myosin molecule?
Clinical Note: The Muscular Dystrophies
1) What are causes of muscular dystrophies?
2) What are the symptoms of muscular dystrophies?
3) What is the best known example of a muscular dystrophy?
pp. 190-198
The Control of Muscle Fiber Contraction
17)What is the neuromuscular junction?
18)What is acetylcholine (Ach)? What is its function?
19)Summarize the four steps of muscle contraction starting with an action potential
traveling down a motor neuron.
20)True or False. ATP is not only needed for attachment of myosin, but also detachment.
Clinical Note: Rigor Mortis
1) What is rigor mortis?
2) How long does rigor mortis last?
Clinical Note: Interference with Neural Control Mechanisms
1) What causes botulism? What are the symptoms?
2) What causes myasthenia gravis?
21)What is the “all or none” principle?
22)What two things determine the amount of tension developed by the skeletal muscle
as a whole?
23)List the five steps of the contraction process.
24)What is a twitch?
25)What is summation?
26)What is incomplete tetanus?
27)What is complete tetanus? Is it normal?
Clinical Note: Tetanus
1) What causes the disease tetanus?
2) What are the symptoms of tetanus?
3) How is it prevented?
28)What is the relationship between the size of a motor unit and muscle control?
29)What is recruitment?
30)What is muscle tone?
31)What is atrophy? What causes it?
32)What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions?
pp. 198-202
The Energetics of Muscular Activity
33)What is the function of ATP?
34)What can creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels be used to indicate?
35) Besides ATP, what are the two other products of aerobic metabolism?
36)What does the rate of ATP generation in mitochondria depend on?
37)Glycolysis only yields 2 ATP, but what is its benefit?
38)Where does the glucose used in glycolysis come from?
39)What causes muscle fatigue?
40)Briefly explain why someone continues to breathe heavily for a period after stopping
exercise.
41)What characteristics of fast fibers enable them to generate more power than slow
fibers?
42)What characteristics of slow fibers enable them to demonstrate more endurance than
fast fibers?
43)What kinds of activities require anaerobic endurance? What about aerobic
endurance?
44)What is hypertrophy? How does it occur?
pp. 202-215
Cardiac and Smooth Muscle Tissues
45)Describe four unique characteristics of cardiac muscle.
46)Describe four unique characteristics of smooth muscle.
Anatomy of the Muscular System
47)What is the difference between a muscle’s origin and its insertion?
48)Define the different primary actions of the following muscles.
prime mover/agonist:
antagonist:
synergist:
49)List five different ways muscles can be named.
The Axial Muscles
50)Name the four groups of axial muscles.
51)What are two muscles that move the mouth?
52)What three muscles are involved in chewing?
53)What two muscles form the scalp?
54)List four functions of the neck muscles.
55)What group of muscles help maintain good posture?
56)Looking at the diagram on p. 203, what three muscles make up the “abs”?
57)What are the two functions of the perineum?
Clinical Note: Hernias
1) What causes increased intra-abdominal pressure?
2) What is a hernia?
pp. 215-234
The Appendicular Muscles
58)Why is the trapezius able to perform such varied functions?
59)What two large muscles produce flexion and extension of the shoulder?
60)What are the five rotator cuff muscles? What is their function?
61)Why should you face your palm up when lifting a heavy object with object with that
hand?
62)What is the benefit of having the muscles that move the hand and fingers stop at the
wrist (only the tendons cross the joints)?
63)What causes carpal tunnel syndrome?
64)What is the major muscle of the buttocks?
65)What is a “pulled groin”?
66)What three muscles form the hamstrings? What is their function?
67)What four muscles form the quadriceps? What is their function?
68)What two muscles of the calf share the calcaneal or Achilles’ tendon?
Aging and the Muscular System
69)List four effects of aging on the muscular system.
Integration with Other Systems
70)Which three organ systems are involved in the recovery period following the
contraction of skeletal muscles? How are they involved?
71) Label the following diagrams with terms from Chapter 7.