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APPLIED BIOLOGY MID-TERM STUDY GUIDE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE Characteristics of life Levels of organization (cell, tissue, organ, etc…) Homeostasis Biology Metabolism Species SCIENTIFIC METHOD Scientific method Steps of scientific method Experimental group Control group Variable Independent variable Dependent variable Hypothesis Theory Law HISTORY OF CELL Cell theory Scientists that contributed to the cell theory Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell Cell membrane composition (bilayer of phospholipids) Function of cell membrane Types of microscope (electron and compound) Surface area to volume ratio Three parts of cytoskeleton Parts of a microscope – and functions of these parts (use microscope diagram) Organelles of the plant and animal cell – their functions and structures o Nucleus o Plastids o Ribosomes o Vacuoles o Golgi apparatus o Vesicle o Lysosomes o Smooth ER o Mitochondria - ATP o Rough ER o Cilia o Central vacuole o Flagella o Cell wall o Nucleolus o Cytoskeleton o Centrioles o Plastid Etc….. o Centrioles Identify organelle of animal cell Identify organelles in plant cell CELLS AND THEIR ENVIORNMENT Passive transportation across the membrane o Diffusion o Osmosis o Facilitated diffusion o Filtration o Ion channels Active tranportation across the membrane o Endocytosis o Exocytosis o Pumps (sodium and potassium pumps) Selectively permeable Hypotonic solution Hypertonic solution Isotonic solution Equilibiurm CELL REPRODUCTION Binary fission Chromosomes Mitosis Cytokinesis Karyotype Phases of cell cycle (Interpahse, mitosis, Cytokinesis) Phases of Interphase (G1, S, G2) Phases of mitosis ( prophase, metaphase anaphase, telophase) What occurs in each stage of mitosis Identify phases of mitosis Checkpoints of mitosis Gametes End result of mitosis (2 identical daughter cells Centriole – releases spindle fibers Mitosis and cancer Benign tumor Malignant tumor MEIOSIS Oogenesis Spermatogenesis Gamete Diploid cell Haploid cell Menstruation Ovulation Crossing over Phases of meiosis (Interphae, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2) What occurs in each stage of meiosis Identify phases of meiosis Altermation of generations GENETICS Cross pollination Self pollination Punnett squares – genotype ratio and phenotype ratio Allele Genetics Genes Law of segratation Incomplete dominance Phenotype Genotype (homozygous recessive, homozygous dominant, heterozygous Polygenic Sickle cell anemia Dominant Recesive Father of genetics (Gregor Mendel) Pedigree – how to read and interpret pedigree