Download Unit 1 - Пензенский государственный университет

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ
Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего
профессионального образования
«ПЕНЗЕНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»
ENGLISH IN PHARMACY
Учебное пособие
Пенза ИИЦ ПГУ 2008
Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов второго
года обучения фармацевтических факультетов, переводчиков в сфере
профессиональной коммуникации, а также врачей, которым
необходима информация по данной тематике.
Цель учебного пособия – познакомить с основной терминологией
по специальности; максимальное развитие и совершенствование
навыков чтения, перевода, аннотирования оригинальной литературы
по специальности; обсуждение научных фактов, связанных с
фармакологией.
Пособие состоит из 6 разделов (Unit). Структура пособия
предполагает овладение всеми основными видами речевой
деятельности: говорения, понимания на слух, чтения и письма.
Составитель: Н. В. Антропова
Рецензенты: Зав. кафедрой фармакологии,
доктор медицинских наук, профессор
И. Я. Моисеева
Зав. циклом иностранных языков ПГТА,
кандидат педагогических наук, доцент
О. Н. Ясаревская
CONTENTS
UNIT I.
PHARMACOLOGY IN OUR LIFE …………
3
UNIT II.
DRUG NAMES, STANDARDS, REFERENCES.
ADMINISTRATION
OF DRUGS ……...………………………………...
11
DRUG CLASSES. NUEROPHARMACOLOGIC
DRUGS ………
25
UNIT IV.
DRUG CLASSES …………………………………
36
UNIT V.
TECHNOLOGY OF DRUGS …………………
56
UNIT VI.
HEALTH AND MEDICINE …………………...
78
UNIT III.
UNIT 1
PHARMACOLOGY IN OUR LIFE
Lead-in
I.
II.
What do you understand by "pharmacology and pharmacist"?
What are the duties and responsibilities of a pharmacist? Make
a list of them. Compare your list with other students.
Reading 1
This text develops ideas of pharmacology. Read the text and find out
new key notions.
TEXT 1
PHARMACY AND PHARMACISTS
Pharmacy is the science about drugs and medicine. Pharmacists people who prepare the medicines under the recipe of the doctor and
sell to sick people. Traditionally, pharmacists have compounded and
dispensed medications on the orders of physicians. More recently,
pharmacy has come to include other services related to patient care
including clinical practice, medication review, and drug information.
Some of these new pharmaceutical roles are now mandated by law in
various legislatures. Pharmacists, therefore, are drug therapy experts,
and the primary health professionals who optimize medication
management to produce positive health-outcomes. The symbols most
commonly associated with pharmacy are the mortar and pestle.
Pharmacognozy is a science which embraces the history, source,
cultivation, collection, preparation, distribution, identification,
composition, purity and preservation of drugs of vegetable and animal
origin.
A Pharmacopoeia is a book containing a list of medicinal substances
with description, tests and formulas for preparing the same. The
pharmacopoeial names of chemical substances do not always represent
their chemical composition.
Pharmacy is a field of science related to medicine. Since the Shipman
Inquiry, there has been a move in the UK to separate the two roles,
separation of prescribing from dispensing. In most jurisdictions (such as the
United States) pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians.
Specifically, the legislation stipulates that the practice of prescribing must
be separate from the practice of dispensing. These jurisdictions also usually
specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled Pharmaceuticals to the
public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with
physicians or give them "kickback" payments. In the minority of jurisdictions
(particularly in Asian such as China, Malaysia and Singapore) doctors are
allowed to dispense drugs themselves and the practice of pharmacy is
integrated with that of the physician. The reason for the majority rule is
the high risk of a conflict of interest. Otherwise, the physician has a financial
self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible and in
exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can then sell more
medications to the patient. Such self-interest directly conflicts with the
patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the
unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects. A campaign
for separation has began in many countries and has already been
successful (like in Korea). As many of the remaining nations move
towards separation, resistance and lobbying from dispensing doctors
who have pecuniary interests may prove a major stumbling block (e.g. in
Malaysia).
Vocabulary
I. Remember:
pharmacy - I. фармация; 2. аптека
pharmacopoeia — фармакопея
pharmacology — фармакология
pharmacologist – фармаколог
pharmaceutical — фармацевтический
pharmacist, pharmaceutist — фармацевт
II. Read and translate the words using your knowledge of Latin:
pharmacy, medicine, drug, compound, dispense, analyse, pharmacist,
medicinal, physician, prescribe, prescription, ingredient, manufacture,
phenomenon, phenomena, matter, analysis.
III. Find English equivalents for the following Russian words and
word-combinations in the text:
готовить лекарства по рецепту, продавать больным, составлять
(смешивать), приготовлять и распределять, информация о
лекарствах, ступка и пестик, распространение, химический
состав, хранение лекарств, животного
и
растительного
происхождения, сфера
полномочий,
зарегистрированные
лекарственные
средства,
финансовая
заинтересованность,
избегать ненужного применения лекарств, побочные действия.
Use of English
IV. Match up the words on the left with the definitions on the
right:
1. pharmacy
a. is a science which embraces the
history, source, cultivation,
2. pharmacists
collection, preparation,
3. pharmaceutical activities
distribution, identification,
composition, purity and
4. a pharmacopoeia
preservation of drugs of
5. pharmacognozy
vegetable and animal origin
b. is a special book with some
special information for
pharmacists
c. are drug therapy experts
d. are mandated by law in various
legislatures
e. is a field of science related to
medicine
1.
2.
3.
4.
V. Put questions to the underlined words:
Medicines are compounded, dispensed and sold in pharmacies.
Dispensing may only require the transfer of manufactured
products to a prescription container.
It is important for the pharmacist to know whether the chemicals
are stable.
Pharmacy treats of medical substances.
a. Finish sentences using information from the text:
To become a pharmacist...
To become a pharmacist one
should achieve knowledge of
different subjects.
1. To compound medicine ...
2. To
speak
of
preparation,
distribution,
identification,
preservation of drugs of vegetable
and animal origin …
3. To dispense medicines ...
4. To describe drugs ...
5. To produce
outcomes …
positive
health-
Reading 2
Skim the text to get a general understanding. Then answer the
questions to check your understanding:
1. How many disciplines can the field of Pharmacy be divided?
2. Are the boundaries between disciplines clear-cut?
3. How is pharmacology sometimes considered?
4. What specializations are there in pharmacy practice?
TEXT 2
THE PHARMACY DISCIPLINES
The field of Pharmacy can generally be divided into three main
disciplines: Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical chemistry (often Medicinal
chemistry), Pharmacy practice. The boundaries between these
disciplines and with other sciences, such as biochemistry, are not always
clear-cut; and often, collaborative teams from various disciplines research
together. Pharmacology is sometimes considered to be the fourth discipline
of pharmacy. Although pharmacology is essential to the study of
pharmacy, it is not specific to pharmacy. Therefore, it is usually
considered to be a field of the broader sciences. There are various specialties
of pharmacy practice. Some specialization is based on the place of practice
including: community, hospital, consultant, locum, drug information,
regulatory affairs, industry, and academia. Other specializations are based
on clinical roles including: nuclear, oncology, cardiovascular, infectious
disease, diabetes, nutrition, geriatric, and psychiatric pharmacy.
Pharmacists are highly-trained and skilled healthcare professionals
who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their
patients. Many pharmacists are also small-business owners, owning the
pharmacy in which they practice.
Over to you
1. What is necessary to become a pharmacist?
2. What is necessary for the pharmacist to know?
3. What particular skills do you think a pharmacist is required? Write a
list.
4. Study the information of Pharmaceutical Personnel Market: demand
gives rise to supply
Why did you chose the pharmaceutical faculty?
1. 9% of students chose the specialty because their relatives have
drugstores
2. 14% of students entered the faculty accidentally
3. 18% of students like the speciality
4. 27% of students think of starting their own drugstore
5. 32% of students chose the speciality because it is easy to find
employment
Where are you going to work after graduating from the higher educational
institution?
1. 34% - in the wholesale company
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
23% - in their own drugstores
20% - in the representative offices
9% - in the pharmaceutical production
9% - in the drugstores
5% - other positions
5. Draw the pie chart of your group and discuss it.
Reading 3
Read and translate the texts. Answer the questions:
1. Is your country a member of FIP?
TEXT 3.1
INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL FEDERATION (FIP)
Pharmacists are represented internationally by the International
Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). The International Pharmaceutical
Federation (FIP) was established in 1912, and is a worldwide federation
of national pharmaceutical (professional and scientific) associations.
The FIP aims to "represent and serve pharmacy and pharmaceutical
sciences around the globe." FIP is a world-wide federation of national
pharmaceutical (professional and scientific) associations with a mission to
represent and serve pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences around the globe.
Through its member associations FIP connects, represents and serves
more a million pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists around the
world. FIP was founded in The Hague, The Netherlands, in 1912 and
still has its central office in The Hague. Although FIP is a federation of
associations, any pharmacist or pharmaceutical scientist can apply to
become an Individual Member of FIP.
FIP is more than ninety years old. As an organisation it has taken on
new activities over the years and has grown in size. FIP works with its
members in mind and is implementing positive changes to better serve its
members.
2. Are you for or against online pharmacy? Give your arguments.
TEXT 3.2
ONLINE PHARMACY
Online pharmacy is one of the hottest business on the internet today.
Recently, a number of pharmacies have begun operating over the
internet. Many such pharmacies are, in some ways, similar to
community pharmacies; the primary difference is the method by which
the medications are requested and received. Some customers consider this
to be more convenient than traveling to a community drugstore. Some
internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription.
Some customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the
"inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their
doctors were unwilling to prescribe. However, this practice has
been criticized as potentially dangerous, especially by those who feel that
only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an
individual's overall suitability for use of a medication. There have also
been reports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard products. In the
United States, there has been a push to legalize the importation of
medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce
consumer costs. Although importation, of prescription medication
currently violates FDA regulations and federal laws, enforcement is
generally targeted at international drug suppliers, rather than consumers.
Over to you
Speak on «Pharmacology in our Life».
UNIT 2
DRUG NAMES, STANDARDS, REFERENCES. ADMINISTRATION OF
DRUGS
Lead - in
I.
Have you ever taken any drugs? What were they?
II. What drug names do you know? Make a list of them. What do you
know about the administration of drugs?
Reading 1
1. Read the text and formulate its topic.
2. Give the headline which would reveal the topic.
3. Write down key words and word-combinations which help to define
the topic.
4. Translate the text and write a short summary.
TEXT 1
INTRODUCTION
Drugs are chemical substances used in medicine in the treatment of
disease. These chemical substances can come from many different
sources. Drugs are obtained from various parts of plants, such as the
roots, leaves, and fruit. Examples of such drugs are digitalis (from the
foxglove plant), and antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin (from
plants called molds). Drugs can also be obtained from animals; for
example, hormones are secretions from the glands of animals. Drugs can
be made from chemical substances which are synthesized in the
laboratory. Anti-cancer drugs, such as methotrexate and prednisone, are
examples of laboratory-synthesized drugs. Some drugs are contained in
food substances; these drugs are called vitamins. Drugs are dispensed and
stored in an area known as a pharmacy.
The field of medicine which studies drugs, their nature, origin, and
effect in the body is called pharmacology. Pharmacology is a large
medical specialty and contains many subdivisions of study, including
pharmacodynamics, molecular pharmacology, chemotherapy, and
toxicology.
Pharmacodynamics involves the study of how drugs exert their
effects in the body. Scientists interested in pharmacodymanics study the
processes of drug absorption (how drugs pass into the bloodstream),
metabolism (changes drugs undergo within the body) and excretion
(removal of the drug from the body).
Molecular pharmacology concerns the study of the interaction of
drugs and cells or subcellular entities, such as DNA, RNA, or enzymes.
These studies provide important information about the mechanism of
action of the drug.
Chemotherapy is the subdivision of pharmacology which studies
drugs that are capable of destroying microorganisms, parasites and cells
within the body without destroying the body itself. Chemotherapy
includes treatment of infectious diseases, mental illness and cancer.
Toxicology is the study of harmful chemicals and their dangerous
effects on the body. Toxicology includes the study of the potentially
harmful effects of any drug on the body; any drug, if given in high enough
doses, can have harmful actions on the body. Toxicological studies in
animals are required by law before new drugs can be tested in individuals.
A toxicologist is also interested in finding proper antidotes to these
harmful effects. Antidotes are substances given to neutralize unwanted
effects of drugs.
Vocabulary
I. Read and learn:
additive — drug action in which the combination of two similar drugs is
equal to the sum of the effects of each
anaphylaxis — hypersensitive reaction of the body to a drug or foreign
organism. Symptoms may include hives, asthma, rhinitis,
and so forth
antidote – an agent that is given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug
brand name (trade name) — commercial name for a drug, normally the
property of the drug manufacturer
chemical name — chemical formula for a drug
chemotherapy — treatment of illness using chemicals; usually refers to
treatment of infectious disease, cancer disease, or mental
illness
contraindications — factors in the patient's condition which prevent the
use of a particular drug or treatment
cumulation — drug action resulting from the administration of small
repeated doses of a drug that are not eliminated from the
body quickly enough, so that the drug builds up, or
accumulates; this may be produced intentionally, or it
may be unintentional and have harmful effects
drug toxicity — harmful and dangerous complications which may arise
from the use of drugs. Examples of common toxic effects
of drugs are blood dyscrasias, such as aplastic anemia and
leukopenia; cataracts; neuropathy; collagen disorders; and
photosensitivity
idiosyncrasy — a rare type of toxic effect produced in a peculiarly
sensitive individual but not seen in most patients
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) — governmental agency having the
legal responsibility for enforcing proper drug manufacture
and clinical use
generic name — the legal, noncommercial name for a drug
Hospital Formulary – reference listing of drugs and their appropriate
clinical usage found in most hospitals and libraries;
published by the American Society of Hospital
Pharmacies
National Formulary (N. F.) — large, up-to-date list of drugs and official
standards for their manufacture; issued by the American
Pharmaceutical Association
Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) — reference book listing drug
products; published privately
parenteral administration — administration of drugs by injection into skin,
muscle, or veins (places other than the digestive tract)
potentiation — a type of drug action in which the combined effect of
using two drugs together is greater than the sum of the
effects of using each one alone; also called synergism
side effect - a toxic (harmful) effect which routinely results from the use
of a drug
suppositories — cone-shaped objects containing medication which are
inserted into the rectum, vagina, or urethra, from which
the medication is absorbed into the bloodstream
synergism — type of drug action in which the effect of two drugs acting
together is greater than the sum of each acting alone;
potentiation
tolerance — condition of becoming resistant to the action of a drug as
treatment progresses so that larger and larger doses must
be given to maintain the desired effect
United States Pharmacopeia (U.S.P.) — an authoritative list of drugs,
formulas, and preparations which sets a standard for drug
manufacturing and dispensing.
II. Read these notes and the paragraph that expands them:
brand name – name for – manufacturer
brand name (trade name) is a commercial name for a drug, normally the
property of the drug manufacturer
Write similar paragraphs from these notes:
1) Drugs – substances – the treatment – disease.
Drugs – obtain – various parts – plants – animals.
Drugs – make – substances – synthesize.
Drugs – contain – food substances – vitamins
2) type of drug action – two drugs – act – great – the sum of – alone –
call
3) toxicology – harmful effects – high doses – to test in individuals
4) condition – resistant – the action of drug – treatment progress – larger
– must be given – maintain – call
Reading 2
Read the text and make a plan of it.
TEXT 2
DRUG NAMES, STANDARDS,
AND REFERENCES NAMES
A drug can have three different names. The chemical name is the
chemical formula for the drug. This name is often long and complicated.
The generic or official name is a shorter, less complicated name
which is recognized as identifying the drug for legal and scientific
purpose. The generic name is public property and any drug manufacturer
may use it. There is only one generic name for each drug.
The brand name or trade name is the private property of the
individual drug manufacturer and no competitor may use it. Brand names
often have the superscript after or before the name. Most drugs have
several brand names because each manufacturer producing the drug gives
it a different name. When a specific brand name is ordered on a
prescription by a physician, it must be dispensed by the pharmacist; no
other brand name may be substituted. It is common practice to capitalize
the first letter of a brand name.
The following lists give the chemical, generic, and brand names of the
well known antibiotic drug, ampicillin. Note that the drug can have
several brand names but only one generic, or official, name.
Chemical Name
Generic Name
Brand Name
alpha-aminobenzyl P ampicillin
Amcill capsules
Omnipen
Penbritin
Polycillin Principen/N
STANDARDS
While the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the legal
responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be distributed and sold,
there are definite standards for drugs set by an independent committee of
physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacists, and manufacturers. This
committee is called the United States Pharmacopeia (U.S. P.). Two
important standards of the U.S. P. are that the drug must be clinically
useful (useful for patients) and available in pure form (made by good
manufacturing methods). If a drug has U.S. P. after its name, it has met
with standards of the Pharmacopeia. A list of drugs is published by the
U.S. P. every 5 years, but not all drugs are listed in it. The National
Formulary (N.F.) is a larger list of drugs which meet purity standards.
The letters U.S. P. and N.F. after a drug indicate that the manufacturer
claims his product conforms to U.S. P. or N.F. standards. It is up to the
FDA to inspect and enforce the claims of drug manufacturers.
REFERENCES
Libraries and hospitals have two large reference listings of drugs which
give important information about drugs. The most complete and up-todate is the Hospital Formulary, published by the American Society of
Hospital Pharmacists. This listing gives information about the
characteristics of drugs and their clinical usage (application to patient
care). The Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) is published by a private
firm, and drug manufacturers pay to have their products listed. The PDR
is a useful reference with several different indexes to identify drugs
(generic and chemical name index, product identification index,
manufacturers' index, drug classification index) and full descriptions,
precautions and warnings, and information about recommended dosage
and administration for each drug.
Use of English
I. Give the meanings of the following abbreviations:
PDR; FDA; IV; U.S.P.; IM; NF.
II. Read these sentences and underline the correct form of the verb
(active or passive):
1. The generic name is recognized / recognizes as identifying the
drug for legal and scientific purpose.
2. When a specific brand name is ordered / orders on a prescription
by a physician, it must be dispensed / dispense by the pharmacist.
3. No other brand name may be substituted / may substitute.
4. No competitor may be used / may use the brand name.
5. FDA has the legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug may
be distributed and sold / distributes and sells.
6. Two important standards of the U.S.P. are that the drug must be
clinically useful and the pure form must be made/must make by
good manufacturing methods.
7. A list of drugs is published / publishes by the U.S.R. every 5
years, but not all drugs are listed / list in it.
8. Hospital Formulary is published / publishes by the American
Society of Hospital Pharmacists.
9. The Physicians’ Desk Reference is published / publishes by a
private firm.
Over to you
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
I. Answer the questions:
How many names can a drug have?
What are the names of a drug?
Are there any definite standards for a drug? What are they?
What are the functions of FDA and U.S.P.?
What is N.F.?
What is the hospital Formulary?
What is the Physicians’ Desk Reference?
II. Using your plan give a summary of the text.
Reading 3
Reading the text fill in a chart summarizing the various routes of
drug administration.
Oral
Sublingual Rectal
Parenteral
Inhalation
Topical
TEXT 3
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
The route of administration of a drug (how it is introduced into body)
is very important in determining the rate and completeness of its
absorption into the bloodstream and speed and duration of the drug's
action in the body.
The many different methods used by physicians and allied health
personnel to administer drugs are listed below, with a brief discussion of
each method:
Oral Administration. The route of administration is by mouth. Drugs
given orally must pass into the stomach and be absorbed into the
bloodstream through the intestinal wall. Although this method is probably
most acceptable to patients from the standpoint of convenience, it may
have several disadvantages. If the drug is destroyed in the digestive tract
by digestive juices or if the drug cannot pass through the intestinal
mucosa, it will be ineffective. Also, oral administration is slower than
other methods and disadvantageous if time is a factor in therapy.
Sublingual Administration. In this route of administration, drugs are
not swallowed but are placed under the tongue and allowed to dissolve in
the saliva. Absorption may be rapid for some agents. Nitroglycerin tablets
are taken this way to treat attacks of chest pain (angina pectoris). The
nitroglycerin is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and opens coronary
arteries to increase blood flow to the heart muscle.
Rectal Administration. Suppositories (cone-shaped objects
containing drugs) and aqueous (water) solutions are inserted into the
rectum (distal end of the digestive tract). At times, drugs are given by
rectum when oral administration presents difficulties, such as when the
patient is nauseated and vomiting.
Parenteral Administration. This type of administration is
accomplished by injection through a syringe (syring/o = tube) under the
skin, into muscle, into a vein, or into a body cavity. There are several
types of parenteral injections:
Subcutaneous Injection. This injection is sometimes called a
hypodermic injection, and is given just under the several layers of the
skin. The outer surface of the arm and the anterior surface of the skin are
usual locations for subcutaneous injections.
Intradermal Injection. This shallow injection is made into the upper
layers of the skin. It is used chiefly in skin testing for allergic reactions.
Short needles are used, and an elevation appears on the skin when an
intradermal injection is given properly.
Intramuscular Injection (I.M.). This injection is given into the muscle,
usually into the buttocks. When drugs are irritating to the skin or when a
large volume of a long-acting drug is to be given, I.M. injections are
advisable.
Intravenous Injection (I.V.). This injection is given directly into the
veins. It is given when an immediate effect from the drug is desired or
when the drug cannot be given into other tissues. Good technical skill is
needed in administering this injection, since leakage of drugs into
surrounding tissues may result in damage to tissues.
Intrathecal Injection. This injection is made into the sheath of
membranes (meninges) which surround the spinal cord and brain. The
effects of the drug so administered are usually limited to the central
nervous system, and intrathecal injections are often used to produce
anesthesia.
Intracavitary Injection. This injection is made into a body cavity, as,
for example, into the peritoneal or pleural cavity.
Inhalation. In this method of administration, vapors, or gases, are
taken into the nose or mouth and are absorbed into the bloodstream
through the thin walls of the air sacs in the lungs. Aerosols (particles of
the drug suspended in air) are administered by inhalation.
Topical Application. This is the local external application of drugs on
skin or mucous membranes of the mouth or other surface. It is commonly
used to accelerate the healing of abrasions, for antiseptic treatment of a
wound, and as an antipruritic (against itching). Topical application may
also include administration of drugs into the eyes, ears, nose, and vagina.
Lotions are used most often when the skin is moist, or "weeping," and
ointments and creams are used when the lesions are dry.
Over to you
Comment on your chart.
Reading 4
1. Translate the title and subtitles of the text. Explain their
interconnection, if you see any.
2. Read the text and write down all new pharmaceutical terms into
your notebook.
TEXT 4
TERMINOLOGY OF DRUG ACTION
There are certain terms which describe the action and interaction of
drugs in the body once they are administered and have been absorbed into
the bloodstream. These terms are listed below with explanations of their
meanings:
Potentiation (Synergism). Sometimes a combination of two drugs can
cause an effect which is greater than the sum of the individual effect of
each drug alone. For example, penicillin and streptomycin, two antibiotic
drugs, are given together in treatment for bacterial endocarditis because of
their synergistic action.
Additive Action. In this drug action, the combination of two similar
drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each. For example, if drug A
gives 10 per cent tumor kill as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent and drug
B gives 20 per cent tumor kill, using A and B together would give 30 per
cent tumor kill. If these drugs were synergistic in their action, a
combination of drugs would give greater than 30 per cent tumor kill.
Cumulation. If a drug is given in short intervals and the body cannot
dispose of it rapidly enough, the drug concentration will rise in the body
tissues with each successive dose. This cumulation may cause toxic
effects in the body. There are some instances, however, in which
cumulation is desired for therapeutic purposes. The use of digitalis in
management of cardiac insufficiency is an example of a therapeutic
buildup of a drug to promote the efficient working of the heart.
Tolerance. In this drug action, the effects of a given dose diminish as
treatment goes on, and larger doses must be given to maintain the desired
effect. Tolerance is a feature of addiction to drug such as morphine and
meperidine (Demerol).
Idiosyncrasy. In some instances, a patient may display unexpected
effects following the administration of a drug. Idiosyncratic reactions are
produced in very few patients taking a drug, but may be life-threatening in
those few instances. For example, in some individuals penicillin is known
to cause an idiosyncratic react ion'such as aitaphylaxis (acute type of
hypersensitivity, including asthma and shock).
Reading 5
Read the text and decide if the headline helps to guess what it is about.
TEXT 5
DRUG TOXICITY
Drug toxicity refers to the poisonous and potentially dangerous effects
of some drugs. Idiosyncrasy is an example of an unpredictable type of
drug toxicity.
Other types of drug toxicity are more predictable and based on the
dosage of the drug given. If the dosage of certain drugs is increased,
unfavorable effects may be produced. Physicians are trained to be aware
of the potential toxic effects of all drugs they prescribe and must be
cautious with their use. Disorders directly resulting from diagnostic or
therapeutic efforts of a physician are known as iatrogenic, and are usually
related to drug toxicity.
Side effects are toxic effects which routinely result from the use of a
drug. They often occur with the usual therapeutic dosage of a drug and are
usually tolerable. For example, nausea, vomiting, and alopecia are
common side effects of the chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat cancer.
Contraindications are factors in a patient's condition which make the
use of a drug dangerous and ill advised. For example, in the presence of
renal failure, it is unwise to administer a drug which is normally
eliminated by the kidneys.
Among the most dangerous toxic complications of drug usage are
blood dyscrasias (blood diseases) such as aplastic anemia and leukopenia,
cataract formation (eye disorder), cholestatic jaundice (biliary obstruction
leading to yellow discoloration of skin), neuropathy, collagen disorders
(connective tissue damage such as arthritis), and photosensitivity
(abnornmal sensitivity to light).
Vocabulary
Fill in the missing words in this table. The words can be found in the
texts.
Combining Form
Definition
Terminology
pharmac / o
chem / o
toxic / o
lingu / o
drug
drug
–
tongue
pharmacology
–
toxemia
–
derm / o
ven / o
aer / o
erg / o
idi / o
cras / o
anti –
intra –
contra
–
–
air
work
–
disease mixture
–
within
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Use of English
I. Build medical words:
1. pertaining to against itching; 2. the study of poisons; 3. treatment with
chemicals; 4. pertaining to within a vein; 5. study of drugs; 6. pertaining
to under the tongue; 7. pertaining to under the skin; 8. against infection; 9.
produced by a physician; 10. pertaining to within a sheath
II. Give the meaning of the following terms:
1. parenteral; 2. pharmacopeia; 3. idiosyncrasy; 4. synergism; 5.
contraindications; 6. anaphylaxis; 7. antidote; 8. drug toxicity; 9.
aerosol; 10. side effect
III. Match the terms in a) with associated terms in b):
a) 1. pharmacy; 2. molecular pharmacology; 3. brand name; 4. generic
name; 5. chemical name; 6. cumulation; 7. additive action; 8.
potentiation; 9. tolerance; 10. absorption.
b) a. combination of two drugs together is equal to the sum of the
effects of each; b. drug name which gives the chemical formula; c.
combination of two drugs together gives an effect which is greater than
sum of each drug alone; d. drugs passing into the bloodstream; e.
building up of drug in the body due to inability to excrete it as fast as
it is taken in; f. effects of a drug diminish as larger and larger doses are
needed to produce desired effect; g. area to prepare, store, and dispense
drugs; h. official name; legal and noncommercial name; i. trade name of
drug privately owned by manufacturer; j. study of drug interaction with
cells or subcellular entities
IV. Match the routes of administration of drugs in a) with the
medications and procedures in b):
a) 1. intravenous 2. rectal 3. oral 4. topical 5. inhalation 6. intrathecal
7. intramuscular 8. intradermal.
b) a. lotions, creams, ointments b. tablets and capsules c. used for
allergy skin tests d. lumbar puncture e. deep injection, usually into
buttocks f. suppositories g. used for blood transfusions h. aerosols.
Over to you
Sum up the information of the unit and speak on “Drug Names, Standards,
References”.
UNIT 3
DRUG CLASSES.
NUEROPHARMACOLOGIC DRUGS
Lead-in
I. Look in your first-aid kit at home. Can you name everything that you
find there?
II. Do you know the names of the different classes of drugs and their use
in patient care?
Reading 1
Read the text and draw the chart summarizing the various types of
autonomic drugs.
TEXT 1
NEUROPHARMACOLOGIC DRUGS
These drugs act on the nervous system. There are two major types of
neuropharmacologic drugs: autonomic drugs and central nervous system
drugs.
Autonomic Drugs. These drugs influence the body in a manner similar
to the action of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves of the
autonomic nervous system.
The function of the sympathetic nerve network in the body is (1) to
stimulate the flow of epinephrine from the adrenal gland, (2) to increase
heart rate, (3) to constrict blood vessels, and (4) to dilate air passages.
Drugs which mimic the action of sympathetic nerves are called
sympathomimetic or adrenergic agents. They stimulate the flow of
epinephrine, increase heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and dilate air
passages. Examples of sympathomimetic drugs are epinephrine (adrenaline)
and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). These drugs are the same chemicals
which are naturally released from the sympathetic nerve endings and adrenal
glands during times of stress or emergency.
Drugs which mimic the action of parasympathetic nerves are called
parasympathomimetic or cholinergic agents. These drugs oppose the
actions of the sympathomimetic (adrenergic) drugs, which means that they
slow down heart rate, constrict air passages, and stimulate involuntary
muscles in the digestive tract and other organs. The parasympathetic
agent which is produced normally at all times by parasympathetic nerve
endings is called acetylcholine. Acetylcholine, unlike a drug such as
epinephrine (adrenaline), cannot be administered to patients. This is because
there are enzymes in the body called cholinesterases which inactivate
acetylcholine almost as quickly as it is given. Other cholinergic drugs are,
therefore, chosen as exogenous agents. One example of a cholinergic drug
similar to acetylcholine in effect but longer lasting in the body is
bethanechol. Bethanechol (Urecholine) is used in postoperative urinary
retention to include the constriction of the urinary bladder, aiding
urination.
Other autonomic drugs are parasympatholytic agents which oppose
the effect of parasympathetic nerve stimulation. Examples of these drugs
are atropine and belladonna, which are also known as antispasmodic
drugs because they act to relax the muscles in the gastrointestinal tract and
decrease peristalsis.
Sympatholytic agents, which block the action of the sympathetic nervous
system, include reserpine, guanethidine, and phentolamine. These drugs
are used to decrease blood pressure and protect against the excess
epinephrine secretion liberated by pheochromocytomas (tumors of the
adrenal gland).
Vocabulary
I. Read and learn:
acetylcholine — a chemical which is found in the body and acts as a
transmitter of nerve impulses of the parasympathetic
nervous system
adrenergic agent — a drug which duplicates the effect of stimulating
sympathetic nerve fibers. This agent is also called a
sympathomimetic drug
atropine — an agent used to decrease muscle contractions or spasms
(antispasmodic)
and
block
impulses
of
the
parasympathetic nervous system
belladonna—drug containing atropine and used as an antispasmodic and
sedative agent
cholinergic agent — a drug which duplicates the effect of stimulating
parasympathetic nerve fibers. An example is bethanechol
neuropharmacologic drugs — those drugs which affect the nervous
system. They include autonomic and central nervous
system drugs, e.g., cholinergic drugs (acting like
parasympathetic nerves) and drenergic drugs (acting like
sympathetic nerves)
prophylaxis — prevention of (protection against) disease
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II. Find in the text English equivalents.
Nueropharmacologic drugs (воздействуют на) the nervous system.
The function of the sympathetic nerve network is (способствовать)
the flow of epinephrine from the adrenal gland, (увеличивать) heart
rate, (сужать) blood vessels, (расширять) air passages.
These drugs are the same (химические вещества).
These drugs (препятствуют) the actions of the adrenergic drugs.
Acetylcholine cannot (быть назначен) to patients.
6. Drugs act (расслабить) the muscles in the gastrointestinal tract and
(уменьшить) peristalsis.
Use of English
I. Give the meaning of the following terms which relate to
autonomic neuropharmacologic drugs:
1. sympathomimetic 2. adrenergic agents 3. parasympatho-mimetic 4.
cholinergic
agents
5.
acetylcholine
6.
epinephrine
7. parasympatho-lytic 8. sympatholytic
II. Match the neuropharmacologic drug in a) with a term in b) which
describes its function:
a) 1. atropine 2. epinephrine 3. reserpine 4. belladonna
5. bethanechol 6. acetylcholine
b) a.
cholinergic
(parasympathomimetic)
b.
sympatholytic
c. parasympatholytic d. sympathomimetic (adrenergic).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
III. Answer the questions:
How many types of nueropharmacologic drugs do you know?
What drugs are called adrenergic agents?
What are the functions of sympathomimetic agents in the body?
What drugs are called cholinergic agents?
What are the functions of parasympathomimetic agents in the body?
What examples of these drugs do you know?
Over to you
Comment on your chart summarizing the various types of autonomic
drugs.
Reading 2
1. Read the text and draw the chart summarizing the different
types of drugs affecting the central nervous system.
2. Find all definitions in the text. Write them down.
TEXT 2.1
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS
Central Nervous System Drugs. The drugs which affect the central
nervous system are of two main types: those which stimulate the nerves
in the brain and spinal cord, stimulants, and those which depress the
nerves in the brain and spinal cord, depressants.
Stimulants. Central nervous system stimulants are used to speed up
vital processes in cases of shock and collapse, and also to oppose the
depressant effect of other drugs. Stimulants produce a temporary feeling of
euphoria (well-being) and help to relieve lethargy. Examples of drug
stimulants are caffeine and amphetamine (Benzedrine). Side effects of
caffeine, which is obtained from tea leaves and coffee beans, are
tachycardia and irritability as well as insomnia. Amphetamines are much
more powerful than caffeine and can produce restlessness, insomnia, and
nervousness as well as hypertension (high blood pressure) and
gastrointestinal disorders when given in high doses. Used in excessive
doses these drugs can produce convulsions.
Depressants. There are several types of central nervous system
depressants. These include analgesics, hypnotics, sedatives and
barbiturates, tranquilizers, anticonvulsants, alcohol, and anesthetics.
Analgesics are agents which act to relieve pain. Examples of
analgesics are acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), acetaminophen (Tylenol), and
dextropropoxyphene (Darvon). Aspirin and Tylenol are antipyretics
(agents against fever) as well as analgesics. Darvon is used to lessen any
type of mild pain, especially in recurrent or chronic disease.
Acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophean, and dextropropoxyphene are
examples of non-narcotic analgesics. Examples of narcotic analgesics are
opium, morphine, heroin, codeine, and meperidine (Demerol). Narcotics
are drugs which, in moderate doses, can suppress the central nervous
system and relieve pain, but in excessive doses produce
unconsciousness, stupor, coma, and possibly death. Most of the narcotic
analgesics are addictive and habit-forming.
Hypnotic drugs are those which depress the central nervous system
and produce sleep. Sedatives are used to quiet and relax the patient
without necessarily producing sleep. Some drugs act as sedatives in
small doses and as hypnotics in larger doses. Barbiturates, such as
phenobarbital, secobarbital, and pentobarbital, are the best known sedatives
and hypnotics. Chloral hydrate is an example of another type of sedative.
Depending on the dose and how it is administered, the response to a barbiturate
may range from mild sedation to hypnosis and finally to general anesthesia.
TEXT 2.2
Tranquilizers are drugs which alter behavior, allowing for control of
nervous symptoms such as anxiety, depression, fear, or anger. Minor
tranquilizers, such as chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and diazepam (Valium),
are used primarily for control of less severe nervous states, while the major
tranquilizers, such as phenothiazines (Thorazine, Stelazine), and tricyclic
antidepressants, such as amitriptyline (Elavil), are used to control severe
disturbances of behavior or psychoses (loss of contact with reality).
Anticonvulsant agents are used to treat epilepsy, a central nervous
system disorder caused by abnormal electrical discharges within the
brain which result in abnormal muscular movements, loss of
consciousness, and other symptoms. Ideally, anticonvulsant drugs should
depress the part of the brain which controls motor, or movement, activity
and not the sensory and cognitive (thinking) parts of the brain. An example
of an effective anticonvulsant drug is diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin).
Barbiturates like phenobarbital are also used as anticonvulsant drugs.
Alcohol is another central nervous system depressant. It affects the
cerebral cortex of the brain in several ways. One way is to block the processes
which control or inhibit behavior. This effect accounts for the talkativeness
and lack of inhibition which accompany consumption of even small
amounts of alcohol in some people. Alcohol is also used as a dilator of blood
vessels in vascular disease, as an antiseptic, and as a hypnotic.
Anesthetics are drugs which produce loss of sensation, and particularly
loss of the appreciation of pain. General anesthetics produce loss of
sensation throughout the entire body by depressing the central nervous
system, producing sleep, unconsciousness, and muscle relaxation. Examples
of general anesthetics are diethyl ether, nitrous oxide, thiopental, and
halothane. Local anesthetics relieve or prevent pain in a particular area of
the body. The names of most of the local anesthetics have the suffixcaine.
Examples are cocaine, procaine (Novocain), lidocaine (Xylocaine), and
tetracaine (Pontocaine).
Vocabulary
I. Read and learn:
alcohol — central nervous system depressant. Also used as a dilator of
blood vessels and as an antiseptic
anesthetics — drugs which produce loss of sensation and block the
awareness of painful stimuli. Examples of local
anesthetics are procaine (Novocain), cocaine, and
lidocaine (Xylocaine)
anticonvulsants — drugs which prevent and treat convulsions (involuntary
contraction and spasm of muscles associated with loss of
consciousness). They are used in the treatment of
epilepsy. Examples are diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) and
Phenobarbital
barbiturates — drugs which are used to induce sedation or sleep.
Examples are Phenobarbital and secobarbital
depressants — drugs which decrease the functioning of an organ or
system
hypnotics — drugs which depress the central nervous system and produce
sleep
narcotic — a depressant drug which produces stupor, sleep, or
unconsciousness, and is habit-forming. Examples are
opiates such as heroin and morphine, and synthetic drugs
such as meperidine (Demerol)
sedatives — central nervous system depressants which relax and quiet a
patient without producing sleep
stimulants — drugs which increase the functioning of an organ or system
tranquilizers — drugs which calm and quiet a patient, altering behavior
without causing the drowsiness produced by sedatives
II. Find in the text English equivalents:
1. The drugs which (воздействуют на) the central nervous system are of
two main types.
2. Central nervous system stimulants are used (ускорять) vital processes
(в случае) of shock and collapse.
3. Side effects of caffeine are (тахикардия) and (раздражительность) as
well as (бессонница).
4. Analgesics are agents which act to (снять боль).
5. Hypnotic drugs are those which (подавляют) the central nervous
system and (вызывают сон).
6. Tranquilizers are drugs which (изменяют поведение), allowing for
(контролировать)
of
nervous
symptoms
such
as
(раздражительность), depression, (страх) or (гнев).
7. Anesthetics are drugs which produce (потеря чувствительности).
Use of English
I. Give the meaning of the following terms which describe drugs
affecting the central nervous system:
1. depressants 2. stimulants 3. analgesics 4. anesthetics 5. anti-convulsants
6. hypnotics 7. antipyretics 8. narcotics 9. sedatives 10. barbiturates 11.
tranquilizers
II. Match the name of the drug in a) with an appropriate drug term
in b):
a) 1. chloral hydrate 2. morphine 3. acetylsalicylic acid
4. caffeine 5. Dilantin 6. amphetamine 7. diethyl ether 8. heroin 9.
Thorazine 10. Novocain.
b) a. anesthetic b. tranquilizer c. sedative d. anticonvulsant e. narcotic f.
stimulant g. analgesic.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
III. Answer the questions:
Are the drugs which affect the central nervous system of two types?
What are they?
What are analgesics? Do you know the examples of them?
What are sedatives? Do you know the examples of them?
What are tranquilizers used for?
What are anticonvulsant agents used for?
6. What and how does alcohol affect?
7. What are anesthetics?
8. What general and local anesthetics can you name?
Over to you
Comment on your chart summarizing the different types of drugs affecting
the central nervous system.
Reading 3
1. Read and translate instruction for medical use.
2. Pay attention to the structure of the instruction.
3. Make up a plan of it.
BETASERC®
INSTRUCTION FOR MEDICAL USE
Registration number:
in Russia:
N ЛС-000268
in Kazakhstan: PK-ЛC-5-N°007403.
Trade name: Betaserc®.
International nonproprietary name:
betahistine.
Dosage form: tablets.
Chemical name:
2-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]pvridinedihydrochloride.
Composition
Active substance:
betahistine dihydrochloride, 24 mg.
Excipients:
microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, citric acid
monohydrate, colloidal silicon dioxide, talc.
Description
White or almost white biconvex tablets with beveled edges.
On one side of the tablet: score imprinted and «289» on both
sides around the score; on the other side - the symbol «S»
above « ».
Pharmacological/therapeutic group
Histamine drug.
CodeATC:[N07CA01].
Pharmacological properties
Betaserc® (betahistine) acts mainly on H1 arid H3-histamine
receptors of the inner ear and central vestibular nuclei. Due
to its directly agonistic action on the H,-histamine receptors
Precautions
The drug should be used with caution in patients with a
history of peptic ulcer. Patients with pheochromocytoma and
bronchial asthma should be regularly observed during the
treatment.
Pregnancy and lactation
There are scarce data to evaluate the effect of the drug
during pregnancy and lactation.
Dosage and administration
Orally, during a meal.
Betaserc 24 mg
Doses;
1 tablet;
administrations
twice daily
An improvement is usually noted just within the first days of
therapy; a steady-state clinical effect develops after two
weeks of treatment and may increase during several months
of treatment.
Treatment is long.
The duration of treatment should be determined on an
individual
basis.
Side effects
Gastrointestinal disturbances. There are rarely reports on
skin hypersensitivity reactions (rash, itch, urticaria),
Quincke's edema.
Overdosage
Symptoms: nausea, vomiting. Convulsions have been
reported when a dose of 728 mg is used. Treatment:
symptomatic therapy.
of internal ear vessels and to its indirect action on H3histamine receptors, the drug improves the microcirculation
and permeability of the capillaries, normalizes
endolymphatic pressure in the labyrinth and cochlea. At the
same time Betahistine increases blood flow in the basilar
artery.
As an inhibitor of H3-histamine receptors of vestibular nerve
nuclei, it shows a marked central effect. The drug normalizes
vestibular nuclear neuronal conductivity at the level of the
brain stem. The above mentioned clinical manifestation of
the above properties is the decreased frequency and severity
of vertigo episodes, alleviated tinnitus, and improved
hearing in case of its deterioration.
Pharmacokinetics
The drug rapidly absorbs, its protein binding is low. The
maximum blood concentration reaches in 3 hours. The halflife is 3-4 hours. It is virtually excreted by the kidneys as a
metabolite (2-piridilacetic acid) within 24 hours.
Indications
• Treatment and prevention of vertigo of vestibular origin.
• Syndromes, including vertigo and headache, tinnitus,
progressive
hearing loss, nausea, and vomiting.
• Meniere's disease/syndrome.
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to any component of the drug.
Drug interactions
Cases on interaction and incompatibility with other drugs are
unknown.
Effect on the ability to drive a car and operate
mechanisms
Betaserc® does not show any sedative effect or affect the
ability to drive a car and operate machines and mechanisms.
Manufacturing form
• 24-mg tablets: 20 tablets in a PVC/PVDC/AI blister. 1, 2,
3 or 5 blisters (20, 40, 60 or 100 tablets) together with use
instruction in a cardboard package.
• 24-mg tablets: 25 tablets in a PVC/PVDC/AI blister. 1, 2
or 4 blisters (25,50 or 100 tablets) together with use
instruction in a cardboard package.
Storage conditions
Store the drug in a dry place at a temperature not above
25oC. Keep out of reach of children.
Shelf-life
Shelf-life period is 5 years. Do not use the drug after the
expiry date stated on the pack.
Dispensing terms
Prescription medicine.
Company name and manufacturer address
Solvay Pharmaceuticals B.V.,
36, C.J. van Houtenlaan,
NL-1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands.
Tel.:+7 (095) 411 69 11.
Fax: +7(095)411 69 10. 24,VavilovSt, 119991 Moscow
www.solvay-pharma.ru
Over to you
Clinical situations:
1. A 15-year old girl complains of frequent migraine headaches.
Which following drugs could help to prevent them? And why?
a. propranolol
b. ephedrine
c. phenylephrine
d. clonidine
2. A patient with hypertensive disease used some antihypertensive drugs
for chronic therapy for the prolonged time. The adverse effects of the drug
are bradycardia, abdominal pain, bronchoconstriction and hypersalivation.
What are the mechanisms of therapeutic and adverse effects and
what drugs are administered to reduce the side effects?
UNIT 4
DRUG CLASSES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Antihistamines
Cardiovascular Drugs
Gastrointestinal Drugs
Antibiotics and Sulfonamides
Vitamines
Lead-in
Think of some of the illnesses you (or members of your family or friends)
have had. What were the symptoms and what did the doctor prescribe?
Reading 1
1. Skim the text in order to get the general idea.
2. Scan the text to find particular information about
antihistamines.
TEXT 1
ANTIHISTAMINES
These are drugs which block the action of a chemical called histamine
which is found in the body. Histamine is produced by most cells and
especially by sensitive cells under the skin and in the respiratory system.
When certain foreign antigens (protein substances which lead to the
production of antibodies) enter the body, antibodies are made by cells.
These antibodies attempt to inactivate, or neutralize, the offending
antigens and, as a result, a chemical called histamine may be released by
other cells. Histamine causes the characteristic allergic symptoms when it
is liberated from cells: itching, hives, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma,
hay fever, and, in some very serious cases, anaphylactic shock.
Antihistamines, by blocking the action of histamine in the body, can
relieve the allergic symptoms which histamine produces. Antihistamines
cannot cure the allergic reaction, but they can relieve its symptoms. Some
potentially dangerous side effects of antihistamines are drowsiness,
sedation, and blurred vision. Examples of antihistamines are
diphenhydramine (Benadryl), meclizine (Bonarnine), chlorpheniramine
(Chlor-Trimeton) and tripelennamine (Pyribenzamine).
Vocabulary
I. Read and learn:
anaphylaclic shock — an acute allergic reaction to a drug, chemical or
foreign substance. Symptoms include asthma, fall in
blood pressure and swelling of the larynx (laryngeal
edema).
antihistamines — drugs which block the action of histamine in the body.
Examples are diphenhydramine (Benadryl), meclizine
(Bonine), and chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton).
histamine — a chemical found in all tissues of the body which when
released in excess from cells causes allergic symptoms
(rhinorrhea, edema, hives, itching, asthma).
II. Fill in the chart and learn the words with associated meanings:
antihistamines
Reading 2
1. Read the headline. Make suggestions what this text will be about.
2. Read the first paragraph.
Have you heard anything about this classification? If “yes”, then write
down in note form what you know. If “no”, then formulate and write
down the questions the answers to which you’d like to find in the text.
3. Read the text attentively and find the most important statements.
Do they contain the answers to your questions?
4. Reading the text fill in the chart, reviewing the types of drugs used
to treat cardiovascular disorders.
cardiovascular drugs
affecting the heart
affecting blood vessels
affecting the blood
TEXT 2
CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS
These drugs may be divided into three groups: drugs that affect the
heart; drugs that affect blood pressure; and drugs that prevent blood
clotting.
Drugs That Affect the Heart. Drugs may affect the heart in two
major ways: changing the rate and forcefulness of the heartbeat and
altering the rhythm of the heartbeat.
The most common drugs used to change the rate and forcefulness of
the heartbeat are the digitalis glycosides (cardiac glycosides). These drugs
are used to treat patients in heart failure (when the heart is not contracting
with sufficient force). Most of the digitalis glycosides are obtained from
the leaf of the digitalis (foxglove) plant, either as a crude mixture or as the
purified glycoside from the leaf of the plant.
The important effects of the digitalis glycosides are the strengthening
of the myocardium (heart muscle) and the slowing of the rate of
contraction of the heart. Examples of digitalis glycosides are: digitalis,
digoxin and digitoxin.
Other drugs which belong to the general class of sympathomimetics
are used to increase heart rate and the force of contraction. These include
isoproterenol and epinephrine.
Drugs used to correct abnormal heart rhythm are called
antiarrhythmics. Examples of these drugs are quinidine, procainamide,
lidocaine (Xylocaine), and propranolol. These drugs help restore the heart
rhythm to a regular cycle by depressing ectopic (outside, unwanted)
myocardial impulses. Quinidine comes from the bark of the cinchona tree
and is the primary drug used to treat arrhythmias. Quinidine decreases the
number of times the heart muscle can contract in a given period of time.
The cocaine derivatives procainamide and lidocaine (Xylocaine) are also
useful in controlling abnormal cardiac rhythms.
Drugs That Affect Blood Pressure. Vasodilators are drugs which
relax the muscles of vessel walls, thus increasing the size of blood vessels.
These drugs are used in treating blood vessel diseases, heart conditions,
and high blood pressure (hypertension). Blood flows more freely and
blood pressure falls as blood vessels open and become dilated. Examples
are sympatholytics (reserpine, guanethidine, and alpha-methyldopa) and
other agents such as hydralazine.
Nitrites are drugs which are also used as vasodilators. Examples of
nitrite drugs are glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) and amyl nitrite.
Nitroglycerin dilates all smooth (involuntary) muscles in the body, but has
a greater effect on the muscles of the coronary blood vessels. The
relaxation of the muscle fibers around the blood vessels of the heart
increases the width of these heart vessels and increases blood flow to the
heart muscle. The pain (angina pectoris) caused by a lack of adequate
blood flow to the heart is relieved by placing nitroglycerin under the
tongue; from (here the drug is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream. The
other nitrite drugs work in a manner similar to that of nitroglycerin.
A third type of drug used to lower blood pressure is called a diuretic,
an agent which promotes excretion of fluid and a shrinkage of the volume
of blood within the vessels. An example of this type of drug is chlorothiazide (Diuril),
Vasoconstrictors are drugs which constrict muscle fibers around
blood vessels and narrow the size of the vessel opening. They may act
directly on the muscles of blood vessels or stimulate a region in the brain
which relays the message to the vessels. Vasoconstrictors are needed to
raise blood pressure, increase the force of heart action, and stop local
bleeding. Examples of vasoconstrictor drugs are epinephrine (adrenaline),
vasopres-sin, and Aramine (metaraminol).
Drugs That Prevent Blood Clotting. These drugs are called
anticoagulants. They are used to prevent the formation of clots in veins
and arteries. These clots may cause occlusion (thrombosis) of the blood
supply to a vital organ, such as the brain, or may travel from their point of
origin to a new site and produce a sudden occlusion of a distant organ
(embolism). Anticoagulant drugs are also used to prevent coagulation in
preserved blood stored for transfusions.
Heparin is an anticoagulant chemical substance found normally in
human cells in the liver and lung. However, heparin can be made
synthetically for commercial preparations by extracting it from the lungs
of animals. When given intravenously or intramuscularly, heparin
prevents the formation of clots within vessels.
Vocabulary
I. Read and learn:
antiarrhythmic – drug used to regulate heart rhythm
anticoagulants – agents which prevent the clotting of blood. Examples are
heparin and Coumadin
digitalis glycosides – drugs originating from or synthesized from an active
ingredient of the foxglove, or digitalis, plant; useful in
treating heart failure
diuretics – agents which promote urine production and reduce blood
pressure. Examples are chlorothiazide and ethacrynic acid
vasoconstrictors – drugs which cause constriction of the muscular wall of
blood vessels and narrow their opening. An example of a
vasoconstrictor is epinephrine. These agents are also
called vasopressors
vasodilators — drugs which relax the muscular wall of blood vess causing
the vessels to dilate. Examples are nitrites such as
nitroglycerin
II. Explain the meaning of the words in bold in the text. Use context
clues to help you. Decide if you should add them to your vocabulary
notebook. How useful are they?
Use of English
I. Give the meaning of the following terms:
1. antihistamine 2. anaphylactic shock 3. Benadryl 4. Chlor Trimaton 5.
digitalis
glycosides
6.
antiarrhythmic
7.
quinidine
8. vasodilators 9. nitroglycerin 10. diuretic 11. vasoconstrictors
12. anticoagulant
II. Match the name of the drug in a) with the appropriate drug type
in b):
a) 1. heparin
2. Xylocaine
3. reserpine
4. Coumadin
5. epinephrine
6. nitroglycerin
7. bethanechol
8. digoxin
9. amyl nitrite 10. Diuril
b) a. vasoconstrictor
b. digitalis glycoside
c. anticoagulant
d. vasodilator
e. sympathomimetic
f. sympatholytic
g. antiarrhithmic h. diuretic i. cholinergic
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
III. Read the instruction for medical use of PHYSIOTENS to find
the answers to these questions:
What is a trade name?
What is a dosage form?
What is a pharmacological action?
What are indications for usage?
What are contraindications?
What is a dosage and administration?
What are drug interactions?
INSTRUCTION
FOR MEDICAL USE OF PHYSIOTENS
Registration number:
In Russia: n N015691/01
Physiotens : PK-ЛC-5-N005455
Trade name: Physiotens®
International nonproprietary name (INN): moxonidine
Dosage form: coated tablets
Composition: each 0.2-mg coated tablet contains: moxonidine, 0.2 mg, as
an active ingredient.
Description: round biconvex coated tablets: 0 2 mg, pale-pink, embossed
«0.2» on one side. The cross section shows two layers.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: central-acting antihypertensive drug.
ATC code: (C02AC05).
Pharmacological action:
Pharmacodynamics. Moxonidine selectively interacts with imidazoline 1,receptors located in the brain stem, which leads to decreased sympathetic
activity. It decreases tissue resistance to insulin.
Pharmacokinetics. Absorption: its absorption is 90%. The maximum
blood plasma concentration (after use of a tablet containing 0.2 mg of
moxonidine) is 1.4-3 mg/ml and it is achieved in 60 minutes. The
bioavailability is 88%. A meal does not affect the pharmacokinetics of the
drug.
Distribution The volume of distribution is 1.4-3 I/kg. The drug penetrates
through the blood-brain barrier. Its plasma protein binding is 7.2%.
Metabolism Its major metabolites are 4,5-dihydromoxonidine and
guanidine derivatives.
Elimination The half-lives of moxonidine and its metabolites are 2.5 and
5 hours, respectively. Within 24 hours, more than 90 % of moxonidine are
renally excreted. Moxonidine does not accumulate when used long.
Pharmacokinetics in the elderly. There are age-related pharmacokinetic
changes that are likely to be caused by the lowered metabolic activity
and/or slightly higher bioavailability of moxonidine in elderly patients.
However, these pharmacokinetic differences are not clinically significant.
Pharmacokinetics in renal failure. The elimination of moxonidine largely
correlates with creatinine clearance (CC). In patients with moderate renal
failure (CC in the range of 30-60ml/min), its equilibrium plasma
concentrations and final half-life are about 2 and 1.5 times higher than
those in patients with arterial hypertension and normal renal function (CC
more than 90ml/min). The use of multiple doses of moxonidine does not
result in the accumulation of the compound in the body of patients with
moderate renal failure. Dosage should be individually adjusted in patients
with renal dysfunction. Moxonidine is slightly removed during
hemodialysis.
Indications for usage Arterial hypertension.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug; sick
sinus syndrome, significant bradycardia; age under 18 years (its
effectiveness and safety have not been established).
With caution in severe chronic renal failure, significant hepatic failure –
due to little experience in using the drug; hemodialysis.
Pregnancy and lactation There is no clinical evidence of its negative
effect on the course of pregnancy. However, caution should be exercised.
Dosage and administration Orally, irrespective of food ingestion. In
most cases, the initial dose of Physiotens is 0.2 mg daily; the maximum
daily dose that should be divided for 2 administrations is 0.6 mg.
Adverse reactions: Central nervous system: headache, dizziness,
drowsiness, sleep disorders. Cardiovascular: excessive BP lowering,
orthostatic hypotension. Gastrointestinal: dry mouth, nausea. Dermal and
subcutaneous fat: skin eruption, itch, angioneurotic edema. Systemic:
asthenia. These symptoms usually diminish gradually within the first
weeks of treatment.
Overdosage Symptoms: headache, sedative effect, drowsiness,
excessively marked BP lowering, dizziness, general weakness,
bradycardia, dry mouth, vomiting, fatiguability, and gastralgia.
There may be also short-term BP elevation, tachycardia, and
hypergiycemia.
Treatment: specific antidotes are absent. In case of hypotension, recovery
of circulating blood volume is recommended by administration of liquid
and dopamine. Bradycardia may be arrested by atropine.
Drug Interactions Moxonidine may be used with thiazide diuretics and
slow calcium channel blockers. When moxonidine is used with
hydrochlorothiazide, or digoxin, there is no pharmacokinetic interactions.
Precautions If co-administration of beta-adrenergic blockers and
Physiotens® needs to be stopped, the use of the former and, only in several
days, the latter should be discontinued.
Its therapy requires a regular monitoring of BP, HR, and ECG.
Patients with galactose intolerance, a rare hereditary abnormality, lactaso
deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this drug.
Effects on the capacity of driving a motor vehicle and operating
machinery and mechanisms There is evidence for the negative effect of
moxonidlno on the capacity of driving a motor vehicle and operating
machinery and mechanisms.
How supplied Coated tablets, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 mg. 14 coated tablets in a
PVC/PVDC-AI blister; 1, 2 or 7 blisters are package inset in a cardboard
pack.
Storage List B. Store (0.2-mg tablets) at a temperature not above 25o C.
Store (0.3- and 0.4-mg tablets) at a temperature not above 30oC. Keep out
of children!
Shelf-life years (for 0.2-mg tablets). years (for 0.3- and 0.4-mg
tablets).Expiry date is given on the pack. Do not use after the expiry date
given on the pack.
Dispensing To be prescribed.
Manufacturer Solvay Pharmaceuticals GmbH. Hans-BISckler-Allee 20
30173 Hannover Germany.
Over to you
1. What have you learned about cardiovascular drugs?
2. What points are there in the instruction for medical use of any
medicine?
3. Using the information from your chart, reviewing the types of drugs
used to treat cardiovascular disorders, retell the main issues.
Reading 3
1. Read the text and pick out the statements that are most significant
for understanding the variety of gastrointestinal drugs.
2. Write down into your notebook the keywords for speaking about
gastrointestinal drugs.
TEXT 3
GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS
There are a wide variety of gastrointestinal drugs. They each have
different pharmacologic activities and are used mainly to relieve
uncomfortable and potentially dangerous symptoms, rather than as cures
for diseases. The following list gives the type of gastrointestinal drug,
how it functions in the body, and examples of specific drugs of that type:
Type of Drug
Function
Example
Antacids
Neutralize (render inactive)
acid in the stomach. Used for
peptic ulcer symptoms,
which are esophagitis
(heartburn) and epigastric
Magnesium trisilicate
(given alone or
combined with
aluminum hydroxide
in drug called Gelusil);
Emetics
Purgatives:
Laxatives (mild)
Cathartics (strong)
discomfort.
magnesium hydroxide
and aluminum
hydroxide (Maalox);
sodium bicarbonate
(baking soda).
Produce vomiting.
Solution of table salt;
syrup of ipecac.
Promote defecation and
relieve constipation; there
are four modes of action:
(1) Irritants disturb the lining Bisacodyl (Dulcolax);
of the intestine and produce castor oil
contractions.
(2) Agents which swell in Agar (from seaweed).
the presence of water and
mechanically
stimulate
intestinal contractions.
(3) Salt (saline) holds water Milk of magnesia;
in the intestine, promoting magnesium
sulfate
contraction of muscles.
(Epsom salts).
(4) Emollients soften the Mineral oil.
feces.
Antinauseants
Antidiarrheals and
antispasmodics
Relieve
vomiting.
nausea
and Dimenhydrinate
(Dramamine);
meclizine
(Bonine);
prochlorperazine
(Compazine).
Treat diarrhea and decrease Atropine; belladonna.
rapid movement of bowels
(spasms).
Vocabulary
1. Read and learn:
antacids – drugs which neutralize acids in the stomach. Examples are
magnesium trisilicate and magnesium hydroxide
antidiarrheals – drugs which relieve loose bowel movements (diarrhea).
An example is atropine
antinauseants – agents which relieve nausea and vomiting. Examples are
dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) and meclizine (Bonine)
cathartic – agent which promotes defecation (bowel movement)
emetics – drugs which induce vomiting. An example is syrup of ipecac
laxative – mild purgative (promoting defecation)
purgatives – drugs which promote defecation and relieve constipation
Use of English
I. Match the type of gastrointestinal drug in a) with its function in
b):
a) 1. laxative
2. antidiarrheal
3. antacids
4. antinauseant
5. cathartic 6. emetic 7. antispasmodic
b) a. produce vomiting
b. relieve nausea and vomiting
c. relieve diarrhea
d. promote defecation (mild drug)
e. neutralize acid in the stomach f. relieve spasm of the bowels g.
promote defecation (strong purgative)
II. In the following drugs, tell if each is an: (A) Emetic
(B)
Purgative
(C)
Antacid
(D)
Antinauseant
(E) Antidiarrheal:
1. Compazine 2. mineral oil 3. syrup of ipecac 4. Gelusil
5. Dramamine 6. Milk of magnesia 7. Maalox 8. atropine
9. Bonine 10. Dulcolax
III. Read and translate the Instruction for Medical Use of
DICETEL. What group does this drug belong to?
INSTRUCTION
for Medical Use of
DICETEL®
Registration No.:
in Russia: П No. 014873W-2003 dated April 01, 2003
Trade name: Dicetel®
International nonproprietary name (INN): pinaverium bromide.
Chemical name: N-(2-bromo-4,5 dimethoxybenzyl) N-(2[2-(6.6dimethyl] morpholine bromide.
Dosage form: film-coated tablets.
Composition: Active ingredient: pinaverium bromide, 50 mg or 100 mg.
Excipienis: anhydrous silica, microcrystalline cellulose, talc, magnesium
stearate, pregelatinized starch, lactose monohydrate.
Coating: gastrosoluble acrylic resin, talc, macrogol 6000, film coating
(titanium dioxide, yellow san-set, hydroxyoropy; cellulocse).
Description: Orange round biconvex coated tablets with «50» (50-mg
tablets) or «100» (100-mg tablets) being engraved on one face and «S».
Pharmacotherapeutic group: spasmolytic ATC code: A03AX04.
Pharmacological properties. This is a spasmolytic agent having
myotropic and M-choline-blocking activities. It diminishes visceral
muscle smooth spasm and lowers hydrochloric acid secretion. The drug
accelerates gastric evacuatory function and has no marked anticholinergic
activity.
Pharmacokinetics. With oral administration, less than 10% of the drug is
absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Indications and usage. Abdominal smooth muscle spasms: colonic
dyskinesia, biliary dyskinesia. Preparation for gastrointestinal X-ray study
using barium.
Contraindications. Hypersensrtivity to the components of the drug.
Dosage and administration. The drug is intended for oral administration.
Adults: Dicetel is 50-mg coated tablets.
Daily dose: 3 – 4 tablets are daily taken during a meal. In exceptional
cases, the daily dose may be increased up to 6 tablets a day. When
prepared for X-ray study- 4 tablets are daily used within 3 days before the
study. When prepared for X-ray study, 2 tablets daily within 3 days before
the study. The tablets are taken whole, by drinking a glass of water. They
cannot be chewed or sucked. The drug should not be taken before sleep.
Adverse reaction. In rare cases, there may be allergic reactions,
dyspepsia, constipation, nausea.
Special warnings. During pregnancy and lactation, as well as in
childhood, the drug is used only if the expected benefit overweighs the
possible risk to the fetus or baby.
How supplied. 50-mg film - coated tablets: 20 tablets in blister.
Storage. Store the drug at temperature not above 30oC without taking any
precautions. Keep out of the reach of children.
Shelf-life. 50-mg tablets: 5 years. Do not use the drug after the expiry date
given on the pack.
Dispensing. To be prescribed.
Manufacturer: Solvay Pharmaceuticals
Over to you
Explain to a patient what some gastrointestinal drugs are used for. Use the
key-words that you’ve written down.
Reading 4
1. Translate the title of this text. Guess what this text will be about.
What do you know about antibiotics?
2. Write an annotation of this text in Russian.
TEXT 4
ANTIBIOTICS
An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism
(bacterium or simple plant called a mold). The antibiotic can be bacteriocidal
(able to kill microorganisms such as bacteria) or bacteriostatic (inhibit the
growth of other microorganisms). Antibiotics have been synthesized in the
laboratory and are used to treat serious bacterial infections.
The term gram-positive and gram-negative are often used to describe
types of bacteria which are destroyed or inhibited by antibiotics. Grampositive bacteria are those which stain purple with the Gram stain. Gramnegative bacteria lose the Gram stain and take the red color of a "counter"
stain. Examples of gram-positive bacteria are claustridia, staphylo-cocci,
and streptococci. Gram-negative bacteria are the bacteria causing meningitis,
cholera, and typhoid fever.
The chart below gives the names of the major antibiotic groups, the
bacterial organism affected, the disease prevented, and an example of a
specific antibiotic drug of that group:
Drug Group
Example of
Drug
Bacteria
Disease
cocci
(berryshaped)
pneumonia;
streptococcal
infection
bacilli rodshaped)
tetanus
treponema of
syphilis
syphilis
actinomyces
actinomyces
Erythromycin
some grampositive cocci;
some gramnegative cocci
streptococcal,
erythromycin
staphylococcal and estolate
pneumococcal
infections
Streptomycin
tubercle bacilli;
many grampositive and
gram-negative
bacteria
tuberculosis;
plague
streptomycin
Tetracyclines
streptococci;
staphylococci:
gram-negative
bacterial
infections;
rickettsial
tetracycline;
Aureomycin B;
Penicillin
ampicillin;
penicillin G;
penicillin V
Antifungal
agents
bacteria; rickettsia.
(parasitic
organisms)
infections
Terramycin
fungi (simple
plants)
skin infections
and fungal
meningitis
nystatin;
amphotericin B
The sulfonamides, or "sulfa drugs," are also used to inhibit the growth of
bacteria. They are bacteriostatic, as opposed to bacteriocidal. These drugs
are synthetic and made to resemble a substance bacteria need for making a
necessary vitamin, folic acid. Sulfa drugs have been largely replaced by
antibiotics which can act faster with fewer side effects. However, such
sulfonamides as Gantrisin (sulfisoxazole) are effective in combating
urinary tract infections.
Vocabulary
1. Read and learn:
antibiotic — chemical substance, produced by a mold or bacteria, that
inhibits the growth of other microorganisms. Examples of
antibiotics are penicillin, erythromycin, and tetracyclines
antineoplastic drugs — drugs which are used to treat malignant tumors
gram-negative bacteria — a general class of bacteria which, when stained
with the Gram stain and its "counter" stain, fails to retain
the purple Gram stain, but takes on the red color of the
"counter" stain. Examples are the bacteria which cause
typhoid fever and urinary tract infections (Escherichia
coli)
gram-positive bacteria — a general class of bacteria which, when stained
with the Gram stain and its "counter" stain, retains the
purple color of the Gram stain. Examples are
staphylococci and streptococci
quinidine — drug used to treat abnormalities in heart rhythm
sulfonamides — "sulfa drugs," used to inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Gantrisin is an example of this type of drug
Use of English
I. Give the meaning of the following terms:
1.
gram-positive
bacteria
2.
gram-negative
bacteria
3. antibiotic
4. bacteriocidal
5. bacteriostatic
6. penicillin
7.
erythromycin
8.
streptomycin
9.
tetracycline
10. sulfonamides
Over to you
1. Give a summary of the text in English.
2. Find some information as to add to the chart giving the names of the
major antibiotic groups.
Reading 5
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
1. Have you got any associations with the word “Vitamins”? What
are they?
2. Write a list of words associated with “Vitamins”?
3. Read the text and answer the questions :
What does vitamin mean?
What are vitamins necessary for?
Where can vitamins be found?
Why are vitamins important?
What diseases resulting from deficiency of the vitamin have you
known?
TEXT 5
VITAMINS
Vitamins are necessary for normal body functioning, although none
can be made by the body itself. They are found in plant and animal foods
and are needed in only minute quantities for good health. Vitamins play
important roles in the metabolic processes of the body, and can be
synthesized in the laboratory.
The following list includes the major vitamins, the foods containing
the vitamin, and diseases resulting from deficiency of the vitamin:
Vitamin
Other Names
Vitamin A
Foods
Deficiency Disease
carrots, egg yolks,
green leafy vegetables
night blindness,
dryness of eyes and
skin
Vitamin B1
thiamine
wheat germ, yeast,
soybean
beriberi
(neurological
disorder)
Vitamin B2
riboflavin
eggs, liver, poultry
pellagra (cutaneous,
gastrointestinal,
neuronlogical, and
mental disorder)
Vitamin B6
pyridoxine
rice, yeast
dermatitis, neuritis,
anorexia
Vitamin B12
cyanocobalamin
liver, dairy products
pernicious anemia
Vitamin C
ascorbic acid
fresh vegetables,
fruits (citrus), and
juices
scurvy (abnormal
bleeding, poor teeth
and bone
formation)
Vitamin D
milk, butter, egg
yolks
rickets (poor bone
formation and poor
calcium absorption)
Vitamin E
lettuce and other
green leafy
vegetables
not well understood
in humans anemia
Folic acid
meats, yeast, green
leafy vegetables
Vitamin K
most foods
Vocabulary
I. Read and learn:
hemorrhaging
ascorbic acid — vitamin С
pyridoxine — vitamin B6
riboflavin — vitamin B2
thiamine — vitamin B1
vitamins – substances found in foods and, in minute quantities, essential
for good health, growth, and life itself
Use of English
I. Match the name of the vitamin in a) with its synonym
in b):
a) 1.
cyanocobalamin
2.
riboflavin
3.
thiamine
4. pyridoxine 5. ascorbic acid
b) a. vitamin B6 b. vitamin B1 c. vitamin C d. vitamin B12
e. vitamin B2
II. The following diseases are associated with what vitamin
deficiency?
1. beriberi 2. pernicious anemia 3. night blindness 4. scurvy
5. pellagra 6. rickets
Over to you:
Write a list of recommendations for healthy eating.
UNIT 5
TECHNOLOGY OF DRUGS
Lead – in
1. Do you know any drug form?
2. Fill in the chart of medicinal forms which help you to define
them.
medicinal forms
solid
soft
liquid
tablets
Reading 1
1. Translate the title of this text. Guess what this text will be about.
2. Write down the most informative sentences explaining what
solution is.
3. Write an annotation of this text in Russian.
TEXT 1
SOLUTION
Any chemically and physically homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances is said to be a solution. It is possible to have solutions of solids
in liquids, liquids in liquids, gases in liquids, solids in solids, etc.
Depending upon the size of the dispersed particles we recognize true
solutions, colloidal solutions, and suspensions.
If sugar is dissolved in water, it is supposed that the ultimate sugar
particle is of molecular dimensions and that a true solution is formed. On
the other hand if very fine sand is mixed with water, a suspension of
comparatively large particles, each consisting of many molecules is
obtained. Between these two extremes lie colloidal solutions.
From the pharmaceutical stand-point solutions of solids in liquids are
of the greatest importance and many quantitative data are available on the
properties of such solutions.
When an excess of a solid is brought into contact with a liquid,
molecules of the former are removed from its surface until equilibrium is
established between the molecules leaving the solid and those returning to
it. The resulting solution is said to be saturated at the temperature of the
experiment.
The extent of solubility of different substances varies from almost
imperceptible amounts to relatively large quantities but for any given
solute the solubility has a constant value at constant temperature.
Under certain conditions it is possible to prepare a solution containing
a larger amount of solute than is necessary to form a saturated solution.
This may occur when a solution is saturated at, one temperature, the
excess of solid solute removed, and the solution cooled. The solute
present in solution, even though it may be less soluble at a lower
temperature does not always separate from the solution and a
supersaturated solution is produced.
Vocabulary
I. Read and remember:
to disperse – рассеивать, разгонять, разбрасывать
particle – частица
suspension – взвесь, эмульсия, суспензия
to dissolve – растворять(-ся), разлагаться на составные части
ultimate sugar particle – элементарная частица сахара
dimension – величина, размер
equilibrium – равенство
to saturate – насыщать
to vary – меняться, изменяться
perceptible – заметный, ощутимый
solution – микстура, жидкое лекарство, раствор
to produce – производить, вырабатывать
II. Find in the text English equivalents:
1. степень растворимости различных веществ
2. с другой стороны
3. количественные данные
4. взвешенные частицы
5. истинный раствор
6. элементарная частица сахара
7. взвесь сравнительно больших частичек
8. избыток твердого растворенного вещества
9. растворы твердых частиц в жидкостях
10. растворенное вещество, находящееся в растворе
Use of English
I. Complete the questions and answers:
1.
Q:
A: Yes, paper filters are the most useful for the pharmacist.
2.
Q: What mixtures may be defined as a solution?
A:
3.
Q:
A: Yes, it is possible to prepare these solutions in the lab.
4.
Q: What kinds of solutions are recognized?
A:
5.
Q:
A: No, they are not completely separated by filtration.
6.
Q: What does the variety of a solution depend on?
A:
7.
Q: Why are many quantitative data available on the properties of
solutions of solids in liquids?
A:
8.
Q: How does the extent of solubility of different substances vary?
A:
II. Explain the grammatical phenomenon, common for the following
sentences:
1. Before 1942 uranium was said to have no important use.
2. Salts containing hydrogen or hydroxide radicals are known to be acids
or basic salts. 3. Penicillin was proved to have always been used most
effectively in cases of wound infections. 4. The capsulating of medicinal
substances both dry and liquid in gelatin shells is considered to be one of
the most largely used methods for administering medicines today. 5. The
uniform mass and the granules obtained are know to be dried at 40o C for
14
hours.
6. Filtration is known to be the process of separating liquids from solids
with the view of obtaining the liquids in a transparent condition.
III. Translate into English:
1. Раствор – это однородная смесь двух или трех веществ.
2. В зависимости от размера взвешенных частичек распознаются
следующие растворы: истинные растворы, коллоидные растворы
и взвеси.
3. Предполагают, что истинный раствор образуется, если сахар
растворяется в воде.
4. Степень растворимости различных веществ зависит от
определенных условий.
5. Взвесь получается, если очень мелкий песок смешивается с водой.
Over to you
Give a summary of the text in English.
Reading 2
1. Look through the text and divide it into logical parts. Give your
reasons.
2. Read the text and write down the key words and wordcombinations.
3. Translate the text.
TEXT 2
PREPARATION OF TABLETS
The tablet is the most common form of medication for the
administering of a drug in a dry state.
From a purely physical point of view the technique of tablet making
(tabletting) may be defined as a process whereby a known volume of a
drug in a finely divided state is subjected to pressure in a die between two
punches.
A tablet shows definite properties of mechanical strength and is also
characterized by a definite rate of disintegration when brought into contact
with water.
It is generally observed that tablets can be made easily from certain
drugs, such as sodium chloride and other alkali halides, even without the
addition of auxiliary substances. For some other drugs, such as lactose, the
addition of auxiliary substances is found to be necessary to overcome
certain difficulties in their tabletting. Some difficulties are occasionally
experienced in the process of tabletting certain materials because of
persistent binding or sticking in the tablet machine.
The application of different pressure during tabletting plays a very
important role. The correct pressure must be applied in order to avoid
unnecessary complications. Tablets which should dissolve in the mouth
must be more strongly compressed than other average tablets for internal
administration.
Another important effect of higher pressures is an increase in friction
which obviously necessitates the use of greater amounts of lubricants and
glidants. Glidants are added to the tablet materials to improve their flow
properties.
A great variety of shapes and sizes is available among medicinal
tablets. The most common shape of the tablets is a circular body with flat
or slightly convex sides. There are also rectangular, triangular and many
other shapes in the case of special tablets.
In the Scandinavian countries where the Pharmacopoeia provides
official specification of formula and the method of preparation of the
various tablet formulas, the size and shape is specified officially.
The preliminary consideration in selection of particular shapes and
sizes of the tablets is essentially ethical.
Vocabulary
I. Read and remember:
form of medication – форма лекарственных препаратов
a drug in a finely divided form – лекарство в мелко измельченном
состоянии
subjected to pressure in a die between two punches – подвергается
прессованию в штамповальном прессе
alkali halides – щелочные галоидные соединения
average tablets – обычные таблетки
lubricants and glidants – смазывающие и скользящие вещества
medicinal – лекарственный
II. Translate into English paying particular attention to the suffixes:
-fy, -ate, -ize.
Filtrate, acidify, granulate, fermentate, cultivate, concentrate, inactivate,
vaporize, specify, oxydize, gasify, utilize, neutralize, sterilize.
III. Fill in the missing words in this table. Write an example
sentence for each one.
Verb
Noun
filtrate
–
–
administering
acidify
–
–
ferment
in activate
–
–
application
vaporize
–
–
specification
utilize
–
improve
–
provide
–
Use of English
I. Substitute Russian words with English ones in proper form:
to know, to state, to recognize, to find, to be necessary.
1. Известно, that the tablet is the most common form of medication. 2.
Было установлено, that starches possess very good glidant properties
increasing
the
flow
of
tablet
stuff.
3. Было необходимо to improve the technology of tabletting.
4. Указывают, that the results obtained from these tablets are satisfactory.
5. Считают, that there can also be important technical reasons which may
influence the selection of particular dimensions of the tablets.
II. Complete the questions and answers:
1.
Q: What is the most common form of medication for the
administering drugs in a dry state?
A.:
2.
3.
Q.:
A.: A tablet is disintegrated when brought into contact with water.
Q.: In what state is a certain volume of a drug subjected to pressure
during tabletting?
A.:
4.
Q.:
A.: The application of different pressure during tabletting plays a
very important role.
5.
Q.:
A.: The use of starch in tablet making has been known for a long
time.
6.
Q.: To what drugs is it necessary to add auxillary substances?
A.:
7.
Q.: What are difficulties in the process of tabletting?
A.
8.
Q.: What substances improve the flow properties of the tablet stuff?
A.:
9.
Q.:
A.: A great variety of shapes and sizes is available in medicinal
tablets.
10.
Q.:
A.: Selection of particular shapes and sizes of tablets is essentially
ethical.
III. Translate into English:
1. Таблетка – это самая распространенная форма лекарств.
2. Таблетки легко приготавливаются из определенных лекарств.
3. Щелочные
галоидные
соединения
используется
для
приготовления таблеток без добавления других веществ.
4. В процессе приготовления таблеток большую роль играет
давление.
5. Необходимо изменить давление в процессе изготовления
таблеток в зависимости от используемого материала.
6. Самая обычная форма у таблеток – это круглая с плоской
стороной или слегка выпуклая форма.
Over to you
Give a summary of the text in English.
Reading 3
1. Look through the text and divide it into logical parts. Give your
reasons for the division.
2. Find the most important sentences in every paragraph. Write
them down and see if it can be taken as a logical short summary.
3. Translate the text.
TEXT 3
OINTMENTS
Ointments are semi-solid preparations for external application of such
consistency that they may be readily applied to the body or to mucous
membranes.
They should be of such composition that they soften but not
necessarily melt when applied to the body.
The ointment base usually constitutes the major portion of the
pharmaceutical preparation and, therefore, may influence the efficacy of
the incorporated medicinal substances.
Based on their penetration ointments have been divided into three
classes. Epidermic ointments are those which demonstrate no, or very
slight, power of penetration into the skin. In this group have been placed
the bases which contain petrolatum, waxes and their combinations.
Endodermic ointments are those which possess some power of
penetration into the deeper layers of the skin. Most of them have a
somewhat lower melting point, approaching the temperature of the skin,
and contain vegetable oils, lard, wool fat, lanolin, and/or combinations of
these.
Diadermic ointments are those which penetrate the skin, thus offering a
better opportunity for absorption of the medicament. Ointments of
emulsion type and the water-soluble bases belong to the group of
absorption base.
Hydrocarbon bases include ointments prepared from petrolatum, or
liquid petrolatum, with wax or other stiffening agents.
White and yellow ointments are relatively stable to normal climatic
temperature changes. Absorption bases generally have a high index of
compatibility toward the majority of medicaments used topically. These
bases have found a definite place in pharmacy as well as cosmetology.
Until recently, ointments and ointment type products were packaged in
glass, stoneware, porcelain, polyethylene, or plastic wide-mouth jars.
Since a large area of the ointment was exposed to the effects of air, those
ointments containing easily oxidized medicinals were packaged in
collapsible metal tubes. The use of aerosol containers preventing
contamination, drying out of the product as well as protecting water
sensitive drugs is preferable.
Ointments are prepared by two methods: 1) mechanical incorporation
and 2) fusion. The choice of method depends upon the medicament and
the physical properties of the constituents of the base. An exception is the
preparation of Mercuric Nitrate Ointment which is prepared by chemical
reaction.
Vocabulary
I. Read and remember:
semi-solid – полутвердый
consistency – консистенция
to melt – таять, плавиться, растоплять(ся)
ointment base – мазевая основа
to penetrate – проникать внутрь, проходить сквозь
petrolatum – вазелин
wax – воск
oil – масло, нефть
lard – лярд, топленое свиное сало
wool-fat – ланолин
stiff – плотный, густой
compatibility – совместимость
wide-mouth jars – сосуды с широким горлышком
to expose – подвергать действию
to incorporate – соединять(ся), смешивать(ся)
fusion – плавка, расплавление
II. Build new words with the suffix – ity and translate them:
stable
устойчивый, stability
устойчивость
active, capable, pure, intensive, quantitative, relative, susceptible,
compatible
III.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Find in the text English equivalents:
полутвердые лекарства
для внешнего применения
при нанесении на тело
смешанные лекарственные вещества
сила проникновения в кожу
лучшая возможность для поглощения
относительно устойчивые к
используемые локально (только для определенного места)
подвергаться воздействию воздуха
выбор зависит
Use of English
I. Read and translate paying attention to the word combinations
“N+N”. Give your examples:
temperature changes, emulsion type, absorption bases, potassium iodide,
paper filter, sugar particle, antibiotic production, filtration paper, ointment
base, water solution, penetration ointments, starch portion, alcohol
content, solvent activity.
II. Fill each gap with suitable word from the box:
medicament, vegetable, divided, petrolatum, absorption, physical,
penetration, temperature, wool, stiffening, properties
1. Ointments of emulsion type belong to the group of …… base.
2. The substance obtained is stable to normal climatic … changes.
3. Based on their penetration ointments have been … into three classes.
4. Epidermic ointments possess very slight power of … into the skin.
5. Most of endodermic ointments contain … oils, … fats, lanolin, and/or
combinations of these ones.
6. Ointments belonging to the group of hydrocarbon bases are prepared
from …… with wax or other …… agents.
7. The choice of method depends on the …… and the …… of … the
constituents of the base.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
III. Are these statements true (T) or false (F)?
Ointments are semi-liquid preparations for external application.
Based on their penetration ointments have been divided into four
classes.
Hydrocarbon bases do not include ointments prepared from petrolatum
with wax.
Absorption bases generally have a low index of compatibility towards
the majority of medicaments.
White and yellow ointments are not stable to normal climatic
temperature changes.
Endodermic ointments are those which do not possess the power of
penetration into the deeper layers of the skin.
Ointments are prepared by three methods.
Over to you
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I. Answer the questions:
What kind of preparations are ointments?
Are ointments used for internal or external application?
What consistency are the ointments of?
Do ointments soften or melt when applied to the body?
What classes have ointments been divided into?
What ointments possess the power of penetration into the deeper layers
of the skin?
What melting point have most of endodermic ointments?
What substances do endodermic ointments contain?
9. What ointments belong to the group of absorption base?
10. What methods are ointments prepared by?
II. Give a summary of the text in English.
Reading 4
1. Read the headline. Make suggestions what this text will be about.
2. Have you heard anything about drug extraction? If “yes”, then
write down in note form what you know. If “no”, then formulate
and write down the questions the answers to which you’d like to
find in this text.
3. Translate the text.
TEXT 4
DRUG EXTRACTION
The principle modes of extraction employed in pharmacy at present are
as follows: 1. Maceration 2. Percolation 3. Digestion 4. Infusion 5.
Decoction.
Percolation is the most important and useful.
Maceration and digestion, which is merely a modified form of
maceration, are old processes.
The process of maceration consists simply of extraction by soaking the
drug or substance in the menstruum until the cellular structure is
thoroughly penetrated and the soluble portion softened and dissolved. The
usual method is to introduce the drug into a bottle with the solvent,
stopper it tightly, and agitate it occasionally for a period ranging from 2 to
14 days, then to pour off the liquid, express the residue to avoid loss, and
filter the mixed liquids. The drugs are macerated in definite quantities of
menstruum, which consists of alcohol of various strengths, ether and
alcohol, or other specified solvent.
Percolation, or lixiviation, is the extraction process in which a
granulated or powdered drug is deprived of its constituents by the descent
of a suitable solvent through it.
The physical forces playing an important part in percolation are
gravitation, viscosity, adhesion, friction, osmosis, capillarity, surface
tension, and solution.
The instrument used to hold the powder is called a percolator, the
liquid poured on top of the powder, the menstruum; the liquid coming
from the percolator, the percolate; and the residual drug remaining in the
percolator after the extraction of the soluble constituents, is called the
mare.
In order to understand thorouhgly the process of percolation as applied
to powdered drugs, it must be remembered that the soluble principles of
vegetable substances are in hard and dry condition, and are generally
contained in cells which are more or less disintegrated by the process of
grinding. If the soluble principles could be separated from the insoluble
cellular substance and be deposited in the ground particles, percolation
would be rapid.
But the powdering of the drug only partially separated the soluble
principles from the insoluble and the finest dust of the powder always
contains a larger proportion of the soluble principles than of the insoluble
substance. Hence the first proportion of the percolate is usually the most
dense, the most highly coloured, and contains the largest proportion of the
soluble principles.
Vocabulary
I. Read and remember:
to macerate – вымачивать, размачивать
percolation – просачивание, процеживание, фильтрование
digestion – усвоение
infusion – настой, вытяжка
decoction – вываривание, отвар
to soak – пропитывать, погружать в жидкость
menstruum – (pl – rua) – растворитель (хим.)
solvent – растворитель
stopper – пробка;. закрывать
to agitate – трясти, взбалтывать, перемешивать
to pour – наливать, разливать
residue – осадок
to deprive – лишать
viscosity – вязкость
adhesion – слипание, прилипание
osmose – физ. осмос
friction – трение, сцепление
capillarity – физ. капиллярность
tension – напряжение, натянутость, растяжение
to grind – перемалывать, растирать (в порошок)
soluble principles – растворимые основные элементы
II. Give derivatives of:
capillarity, density, purity, solubility, conductivity, relativity; equality,
similarity, viscosity;
discolour, disacidify, disarrange;
reorganize, reworking, reweighing, reproduce.
Use of English
I. Fill each gap with a suitable word or word-combination from the
box:
hence, it seems, therefore, as is known, it must be remembered, I should
say, more over
1. … this reaction is also possible even in the absence of oxygen.
2. … small particles of the drug remained suspended in the liquid fatty
phase.
3. … that nitrogen not only does not combine with oxygen readily but it
does not combine with any other element easily.
4. … particle size influences drug absorption.
5. … both preparations were tolerated.
6. … that the intravenous injection of autistine produces good results in
cases of ventricular extrasystole.
7. … that in this case bromide has to be administered as a sedative.
II. Chose the proper form of the Participle:
1. For the determination of vitamin B1 the (testing/tested) solution was
diluted with water.
2. The instrument (using/used) to hold the powder is called percolator.
3. The (preparing/prepared) suppository forms were placed in a
refrigerator for 3 days.
4. When (subjecting/subjected) to a low temperature and high pressure
carbon dioxide is converted into a liquid.
5. The physical forces (played/playing) an important part in the
percolation are gravitation, viscosity, surface tension.
6. The time (requiring/required) for 90% drug release was 15 min. for
tablets (making/made).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
III. Reread the text more carefully to complete the sentences:
The drugs are macerated in definite quantities of …… .
The menstruum consists of alcohol of various …… .
Percolation is one of the most important methods of drug extraction
employed in …… .
The instrument used to hold the powder is called … .
The soluble principles of vegetable substances are generally contained
in … .
The process of maceration consists simply of extraction by soaking …
.
The residual drug remaining in the percolator after the extraction of the
soluble constituents is called … .
IV. Translate into English:
Процеживание (перколяция) – самый важный и полезный метод
экстракции лекарств.
При процессе вымачивания лекарственное вещество погружается
в растворитель.
Вещество помещается в бутылку с растворителем и плотно
закрывается.
Полученное вещество время от времени взбалтывается в течение
2-14 дней.
Перколяция – это процесс извлечения, при котором
гранулированные или измельченные лекарства лишаются своих
составляющих компонентов.
Следовательно, первая пропорция перколяции – самая плотная,
самая насыщенная по цвету и содержит самую большую часть
растворимой основы элемента.
Over to you
I. Answer the questions:
1. What principle modes of drug extraction are used in pharmacy?
2. What is the most important and useful method of drug extraction?
3. What process is called maceration?
4. What are the drugs macerated in?
5. What does the menstruum consist of?
6. In what process is a granulated or powdered drug deprived of its
constituents?
7. In what process do physical forces play an important part?
8. What instrument is called a percolator?
9. What proportion of the percolate is usually the most dense?
10. What would the process of percolation be if the soluble principles
could be separated from the insoluble cellular substance and be
deposited in the ground particle?
II. Give a summary of the text in English.
Reading 5
1. Look through the text and find the words or word-combinations that
help to make the text logical and structured.
2. Read the text. Make up an outline of it.
3. Translate the text.
TEXT 5
THE PRODUCTION OF PENICILLIN
The industrial manufacture of penicillin on a large scale is carried out
in several stages of which the first is fermentation. This is the cultivation
in vessels of a penicillin-producing fungus on a suitable medium in which
penicillin accumulates. In the second stage penicillin is extracted from the
culture medium, concentrated and purified. In the third stage the sterile
concentrated solution of purified penicillin which has passed the
necessary tests for potency and absence of pyrogenic or other toxic
impurities is put into ampoules and dried by means of the freeze-drying
process. Finally the ampoules are labelled and packed for distribution.
Fermentation. Two fermentation methods have been used for the
production of penicillin, the "surface culture" and the "submerged culture"
method. The surface culture method was used exclusively at the beginning
of the development of large-scale manufacture of penicillin. It being
expensive and unproductive, the submerged culture process has gradually
replaced it.
Submerged culture method. The principle of the submerged method is
to grow the fungus in large steel containers in a medium which is
constantly agitated and aerated. Under these conditions the fungus grows
not only on the surface but throughout the medium.
The submerged method of penicillin production has several important
advantages over the surface method, one of them being the economy of
labour. Instead of thousands of small surface fermentation vessels each of
which must be washed, filled, inoculated and emptied, only a small
number of units is required for the submerged culture method which can
be controlled much more easily.
Another advantage is economy of space, as in the surface method the
culture medium can be used only in shallow layers, so that a very large
surface is required to obtain substantial quantities of culture fluid
containing penicillin.
Lastly, higher yields of penicillin are obtained and it is possible to
prepare final products of a high degree of purity by a simpler procedure of
purification.
Vocabulary
I. Read and remember:
ferment(n) – фермент, брожение
to ferment (v) – разлагать
penicillin-producing fungus – плесень, служащая материалом для
производства пенициллина
culture medium – питательная среда для разведения культуры
пенициллина
tests for potency and absence of pyrogenic impurities – испытания на
активность и отсутствие пирогенных примесей
by means of the freeze-drying process – при помощи процесса сухого
замораживания
the “surface culture” method – метод поверхностного брожения
культуры пенициллина
the “submerged culture” method – метод погруженной культуры и
метод нижнего брожения
in a medium which is agitated and aerated – в среде, которая
взбалтывается и газируется воздухом
surface fermentation vessels – бродильные установки для получения
пенициллина методом поверхност-ного брожения
unit (зд. в значении vessel) – емкость, танкер
shallow layers – поверхностные слои
yield of penicillin – выход пенициллина
II. Find in the text English equivalents:
1. стерильный концентрированный раствор пенициллина
2. два метода ферментации
3. метод поверхностного брожения культуры пенициллина
4. метод нижнего брожения
5. высокая степень чистоты
6. более простой способ очистки
7. процесс сухого замораживания
8. плесень для производства пенициллина
9. важные преимущества
10. пенициллин накапливается
Use of English
1.
2.
3.
4.
I. Use the correct form of the verb in brackets to complete the
sentences:
The filter (to make/to be made) of paper, sand, ground and glass.
The researcher (to treat/to be treated) the mixture of solid fatty acid
with an aqueous solution of a surface active agent.
The air (to supply/to be supplied) from compressor in insulated pipe
lines.
The chemist (to use/to be used) various stuff for spore production.
5. Sterilization of the medium (to do/to be done) by steam.
6. Two fermentation methods (to use/to be used) for the production of
penicillin.
7. The surface method (to replace/to be replaced) gradually by the
submerged one.
8. The temperature (to increase/to be increased) lest the reaction should
stop.
9. Before the fermentation the filters (to sterilize/to be sterilized) by
steam in order to prevent contamination.
10. In the fourth stage the ampules (to label/to be labeled) and (to pack/to
be packed).
II. Complete the gaps with a conjunction from the box:
but, in order, as if, so that, because, since
1. During the fermentation the chemists tried to maintain a positive air
pressure in the tanks …...… that they might prevent contamination.
2. It is necessary to extract and purify penicillin …...… it may be used in
medicine.
3. In the surface method the culture medium is used only in shallow
layers …...… a very large surface is required to obtain substantial
quantities of culture fluid containing penicillin.
4. A third form of gelatin capsules is used for liquids only ……...
occasionally solid constituents are inserted into each capsule with oil.
5. You speak on the problem …...… you knew the process of penicillin
production.
6. …… …... many of the constituents of plants may now be prepared
synthetically, isolation from natural source often remains an easier and
cheaper method.
7. The culture medium is usually not sterilized in the fermenters …...…
in special vessels – cookers.
III. Translate into English:
Model: Ему в среднем нужно 30 минут, чтобы охладить среду.
It takes (him) an average 30 min to cool down the medium.
1. Обычно нужно три дня, чтобы произвести брожение в больших
установках.
2. Ему нужно две недели, чтобы закончить эксперимент.
3. Нужно три минуты, чтобы получить белый кристал-лический
осадок в цилиндре.
4. Требуется несколько дней, чтобы превратить этот раствор в
твердое вещество.
5. Требуется три часа, чтобы высушить препарат при температуре
60o .
6. Нужно определенное время, чтобы лекарство всосалось.
Over to you
1.
2.
3.
4.
I. Answer the questions:
In how many stages is the industrial manufacture of penicillin carried
out?
In what stage is penicillin extracted from culture medium?
What process is used for drying the sterile concentrated solution in
ampoules?
What methods have been used for penicillin production?
II. Sum up the main points of the text and write down an
annotation/annotative translation.
III. Comment on your chart of medicinal forms using the
information from Unit 5.
UNIT 6
HEALTH AND MEDICINE
Lead-in
Look at the blanks. Compare and contrast using the words from the
box:
……………………..
Код формы по ОтКУД 5108805
Медицинская документация
Наимен.учрежден.
(штамп учрежд.)
Форма № 148-1/у-88
Утверждена Минздравом СССР
12.08.1988 г.
СЕРИЯ 1136 А-5
РЕЦЕПТ №
«__» ________________ 200 г.
дата выписки рецепта
За полную
Бесплатно
стоимость
1
2
Оплата:
50%
20%
3
4
5
Ф.И.О. Больного _________________________________________________
(полностью)
ИОВ
Дети
Прочие
Возраст___________________
Адрес или № медицинской карты амбулаторного больного
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Ф.И.О. Врача
_____________________________________________________
(полностью)
Руб.
Коп.
Rp.
________________________________
Подпись и личная печать врача
М.П.
Рецепт действителен в течение 10 дней, 2 месяца
(ненужное зачеркнуть)
NAME OF THE HOSPITAL OR PHYSICIANS NAME
ADDRESS …
NAME
DATE
Rx
REFILL
TIMES
M.D.
Attending Physician
to prescribe a medicine, a prescription blank, name of the drug, the
dosage, right hand corner, to use the drug, to specify the amount, signature
I. Support your ideas:
to prescribe
if a doctor prescribes a drug or treatment, they say, you should have it.
The drug should not be taken unless prescribed by a doctor
to prescribe smb. smth.
ex. He was prescribed a course of antibiotics
to prescribe smth. for smth.
ex. This drug is one of the commonly prescribed for arthritis.
prescription – a piece of paper that a doctor gives you that says what type
of medicine you need
ex. The doctor gave me a prescription for antibiotics.
repeat prescription
1. a prescription for a medicine you take regularly
ex. I need a repeat prescription.
2. a particular medicine that a doctor has told you to take
prescription charge – the fixed amount you have to pay for a prescription
ex. Prescription charges have risen again
prescription drug – a drug that you can only get if you have a
prescription from your doctor
on prescription – if a medicine is on prescription, you can only get it if
you have a piece of paper from your doctor
(Macmillan English Dictionary)
II. To prescribe a medicine a doctor should fill in a prescription
blank. Read and translate this instruction.
To fill in a prescription blank these are the steps to be followed:
1. Name of the patient and date.
2. After “Rx” write the name of the drug.
3. Write the dosage of the medication in the right hand corner after the
vertical line and in the same horizontal line as the drug used. The
metric system is usually used.
4. Below the name of the drug specify the amount of medication you
want the patient to buy. This should be proceeded by the letter “n” or
the symbol.
5. Next line write SIG (signature: let it be marked with direction). Give
instructions to the patient regarding the way he should take this
medicine.
6. After “REFILL” write the number of times the prescription can be
refilled.
7. Sign your name and your narcotic number (if using narcotics and
narcotic blanks).
8. There are some abbreviations. Learn them:
Vocabulary
I. Read and remember:
1. ампула
2. Британская национальная
1. amp. ampule
2. B.N.F. British National
рецептурная книга
3. Британская фармакопея
4. Британский
фармацевтический сборник
5. в день
6. взрослый
7. в месяц
8. в неделю
9. внутривенный
10. внутримышечный
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
возьми
господин
госпожа
грамм
...граммов в сутки
два раза (дважды) в день
17. для инъекций
18. для обоих глаз
19. до еды
20. доза, прием
21. доза смертельная
22. доза стандартная
23. доктор
24. доктор медицины
25. единица
26. единица иммунная
27. единица интернациональная
28. каждую ночь
Formulary
3. B..P., B.Ph. British
Pharmacopoeia
4. B.P.C. British Pharmaceutical
Codex
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
a.d. a day, p.d. per day
ad. adult
a.m. a month
a.w. a week
i.v. intravenous, by intravenous
injection
10. i.m. intramuscular, by
intramuscular injection.
11. R., Rx recipe, take
12. Mr. mister
13. Mrs. missis
14. g., gm., gram"(me)
15. ... g.p.d, ... grams per day
16. b.d., b.i.d. bis in die, twice a
day
17. inj. injectable
18. o. u. oculus uterque, both eyes
19. a. c. ante cibum, before meals,
a. p. anteprandial, before meals
20. d. dose
21. L.D. lethal dose
22. S.T.D. skin test-dose
23. Dr. doctor
24. M.D. doctor of medicine
25. U., u. unit
26. I.U. immunizing unit
27. I.U. international unit
28. o.n. omni nocte, every night,
q.n. quaque nox, every night
29. q. ... h. quaque ... hour
29. каждые ... часа
30. каждый день
31. каждые ... часов
32. каждое утро
капсулы
лекарство
микрограмм
миллиграмм
миллилитр, сантиметр
кубический
38. немедленно
39. не применять внутрь (для
наружного применения)
40. перорально
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
41. подкожный
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
поровну
после еды
... раз в день
ребенок
рецепт (пропись)
сколько требуется
смесь дифтерийного токсина
смотри на обороте
сыворотка
противостолбнячная
таблетка
таблетки
тетравакцина (тиф, паратифы
А и В, столбняк)
три раза в день
55. унция = 28,5 г
30. o.d. omnidie, every day
31. ...— hrly, ...— hourly
32. o.m. omni mane, every
morning, q.m. quaque matin,
every morning
33. caps, capsules
34. M. medicine
35. meg. microgram
36. mg. milligram
37. ml. millilitre, cc. cubic
centimetre
38. stat. statim, immediately
39. N.P.O. nothing per os
40. P.O. per os, by mouth, orally
41. s.c. subcutaneous, by
subcutaneous injection
42. aa ana
43. p.c. post cibum, after food
44. ... t.d. ... times daily
45. inf. infant
46. f. formula
47. Q. S., q.s. quantum sufficit
48. Т. А. Т., Т. А. Т. mixture,
toxin-antitoxin mixture
49. P. Т. О. please, turnover
50. A.T.S. antitetanic serum
51. tabl. tablet
52. tabs, tablets
53. Т. А. В. Т. typhoidparatyphoid-tetanus vaccine
54. t. d. s., ter in die sumendum: t.
i. d. three times a day
55. Oz., oz., ounce
56. U.S.P., U.S. Phar, United States
56. Фармакопея США
57. флакон
58. Форма (бланк)
исполнительного комитета
59. ... часов
60. четыре раза в день
Pharmacopoeia
57. bot. bottle
58. Form E.G. Form Executive
Committee
59. ...hrs. ... hours
60. q.d.s., q.i.d. quater in die
sumendum, four times a day
61. No numero
61. числом
Use of English
II. Read and interpret the prescriptions:
NAME Mr. John Doe
Rx
Benadryl
n.100
SIG Take one capsule two times a
day and at bedtime
DATE June 16, 2001
0,50 gm
WILLIAM McCAUGH, M.D.
Attending Physician
Refill 2 times
NAME Mrs. Mary Johnson
Rx
Digitoxin
n.150
SIG One tablet daily
Refill prn times
DATE Jan, 28, 2001
0,15 gm
Joe Webster, M.D.
Attending Physician
III. Write a prescription for the following:
1. digitalis
2. ASA
3. Penicillin
4. broad spectrum antibiotics
5. oral diuretic
Over to you
CLINICAL SITUATIONS
1. A patient with high BP suffers from the acute onset of asthma. What
drugs can be used for the prevention of the acute onset of asthma?
2. A patient with congestive heart failure and cirrhosis of the liver has
been treated by digitalis. For three days he had been taking the
therapeutic dose of the drug, so the therapeutic effects was positive and
his condition improved. But in four days the toxic effects such as
vomiting, nausea, bradycardia and extra systole appeared. Explain the
course of the disease and the toxic effect of the drugs.
3. A patient with severe pain radiated to the left arm, fear of death and
tachycardia was admitted into hospital. The doctor administered him
the drug that decreased the level of BP but caused bronchoconstriction.
What drug was given and why did that drug produce the spasm of
bronchi?
4. A patient with high BP sufferes from the acute onset of asthma. What
drugs may be used? What antiasthmatic drugs are contraindicated in
this case.
5. A patient with edema and congestive heart failure has been treated
with diuretic drug. In five days the therapeutic effect of the drug
stopped because the drug produced acidosis. Which diuretic was
administered to the patient? Why does the effect of this diuretic depend
on pH of blood?
Use of English
HOW TO WRITE AN ANNOTATION - SIMPLE!
Study the article: read it first fairly quickly to get a sense of the general
meaning. Then read more carefully, following the author's argument and
noticing what is fact and what is opinion, what is general statement and
what is particular example. It is often helpful to summarize each
paragraph in a few words at this stage.
Identify the key points: check the instructions for the annotation. Go
through the text again and mark the places where important information is
given – by underlining, highlighting with a coloured pen or making a
mark in the margin.
Make notes: write down the key points you've identified in note form
in your own words.
Put points in order: look at the list of points you've made. Then
decide the best order to put the points in - this may be different from the
order in which they appeared in the original text.
Leave out unnecessary detail: e.g. lists, figures of speech, schemes.
First draft. Edit your first draft: check the spelling and grammar, count
the number of words. If you have many fewer than the limit, you've
probably left out something important so check the original text again. If
you have more than the limit, look for ways of combining points in one
sentence, or of «losing» words here and there.
Reading 1
Pre-text work
1. Before you begin reading this article say what in your view it is going
to be? Use the heading as a clue.
2. As you read, think whether it is a suitable title for the article. Give your
reasons.
3. What is you first impression of this article?
4. Say what information given in the article is new for you.
TEXT 1
NEW DRUG APPEARS EFFECTIVE
IN LEUKEMIA TREATMENT
By Karen Klinger
A NEW drug appears extremely effective in combating a rare form of
leukemia and holds promise as a treatment for other forms of cancer,
researchers said.
A drug known as 2-CdA brought about a complete remission of hairycell leukemia in at least 11 of 12 patients after only one week-long course
of treatment, the researchers said.
In addition, 2-CdA appeared "remarkably devoid" of tone side effects
usually associated with chemotherapy, Dr Lawrence Piro and colleagues
at the Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation in La Jolla, California,
reported in the New England Journal of Medicine.
"The development of a new chemotherapy agent which is effective
without toxicity certainly constitutes a breakthrough in the treatment of
cancer," Piro, director of the Scripps cancer centre, said at a news
conference.
The drug, which is "quite inexpensive" because it is "extremely
simple" to make, has produced remissions in patients with other bloodsystem cancers, including two types of lymphomas, and is now being
tested in patients with solid-tumor cancers, he added.
"There is laboratory evidence to suggest that the drug may be effective
in some forms of solid-tumor cancers," Piro said.
While he cautioned against viewing 2-CdA as a "miracle drug," he told
reporters: "There are very few cancer treatments which will produce a
complete remission that lasts as long as four years. ... I hope we will be
meeting together in some future year to say the word 'cure'."
Post-text work
1. Look through the text for the facts which are important for the general
understanding. State the main issues discussed in the article.
2. How do you think the author is trying to get your attention and keep up
your interest? Is the author successful?
3. What does the final statement “I hope we will be meeting together in
some future year to say the word 'cure' ” suggest to you in social
context?
Over to you
Write down an annotation in which you carefully consider how the author
presents and supports the effectiveness of new drug in leukemia treatment.
Reading 2
Pre-text work
1. What do you think is the content of the article given below? Use the
heading as a clue.
2. As you read, think weather it is a suitable title for the article. Give your
reasons.
3. Say what information given in the article is new.
TEXT 2
DRUG TRIO FOUND TO INHIBIT HIV
BY Marlene Cimons
In some of the strongest evidence thus far that a new generation of
AIDS drugs can inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus, scientists
reported that HIV became virtually undetectable in most patients six
months after starting treatment with one of the new drugs in combination
with two standard ones.
"For the first time we may be close to achieving almost total
suppression of the AIDS virus in most patients", Dr.Emilio Emini,
executive director of the antiviral research division of Merck & Co., said
on Monday. The company makes indinavir - also known as Crixivan - one
of drugs in the new generation.
Addressing the Third Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic
Infections in Washington, Emini said that the virus could not be found in
the blood of 85 percent of the patients who took the triple combination,
which also included the drugs AZT and 3TC.
Experts believe that AIDS cannot be cured, so the longtime approach
has been to slow or eliminate disease progression through drug therapy,
thus prolonging survival ultimately, it is hoped, to a normal lifespan.
The new findings bolster those hopes that powerful drug combinations
can delay the virus' reproduction.
Post-text work
Sum up the main ideas of the article and write down an annotation.
Use: This article is called …...
The author of the article is …...
It is published in …...
The main idea of this article is that …...
The fact … is stressed …...
Reading 3
Pre-text work
1. Say what you already know about herbal remedies?
2. Translate into Russian the following word-combinations:
herbal remedies, alternative remedies, conventional antidepressant
drugs, side-effects, complementary medicine, inadequate treatment.
3. Find in the dictionary the translation of the following words:
drug, druggist, drugster;
medicine, medicate, medicated, medication, medicative, medicinal;
remedy, remedical, remediable;
treat, treatable, treatment.
4. Skim the text. What is your first impression of the text?
5. Scan the text. What sort of ideas do you think the text contains?
TEXT 3
OLD HERBAL REMEDY 'BETTER THAN DRUGS'
By Jeremy Laurance Health Editor
One of the most widely used herbal remedies for depression, St.John's
Wort, is as effective as conventional antidepressant drugs but has fewer
side effects, a study shows.
The remedy, already a best-seller in the growing herbal-medicine
market, improved the mood and mental performance of patients with
moderate depression at least as much as the widely prescribed
antidepressant imipraminc. Side-effects, such as a dry mouth, were worse
in those who took imipramine than in those who took hypericum extract.
The findings, published in the British Medical Journal, were
immediately countered with a warning in the rival journal The Lancet that
hypericum extract may be less sale than its "natural" label encourages
consumers to think.
Edzard Ernst, professor of complementary medicine at the University
of Exeter, writes in The Lancet that at least eight cases have been reported
of St. John's Wort reacting badly with pharmaceutical drugs that patients
were taking, reducing their effectiveness and increasing side-effects.
Professor Ernst says patients should be encouraged to tell their doctors
if they are taking alternative remedies and to recognize that "natural" does
not always mean "harmless".
"Given the widespread use of hypericum extracts, the implications of
emerging evidence of adverse reaction are potentially serious", Professor
Ernst writes. "Regulatory bodies should perhaps take a fresh look at
whether herbal medicines need regulation".
The BMJ study was conducted by researchers from Germany, where
hypericum extracts outsell Prozac by four to one. Scientists at the Imerem
Institute for Medical Research in Nuremberg compared hypericum
extracts with imipramine in 263 patients. They found the herbal remedy as
effective as the pharmaceutical. "Since many depressed patients receive
either no treatment or inadequate treatment", they write, "hypericum
extract may be considered as an alternative first choice.
Post-text work
1. What kind of reader you think the author has in mind?
2. How does the article influence you?
3. Underline the sentence which seems the most important to you.
4. Group the top sentences according to the questions:
what, how, why?
Over to you:
Write the annotation in which you carefully consider how the author
presents and supports herbal remedies.
Reading 4
Pre-text work
1. Are you in favour or against advertising in medicine?
2. Do you think it may help a patient?
TEXT 4
DOCTORS ANNOUNCE
A PERSONALIZED WEIGHT CONTROL PROGRAM
advertisement
Health Gains Through Weight Loss.
Most patients significantly lower blood pressure, cholesterol,
triglyceride and glucose levels through medically supervised weight
control.
Personalized Program Is Easy To Follow.
Your tasty and varied menu featuring regular foods and formula is
individualized to your metabolism, lifestyle, and health requirements.
Health Improvements For Men and Women.
Recognizing the physical and behavioral differences among people –
especially among men and women – treatment is individualized for every
patient. For example, a special program has been developed to help
abdominally obese men reduce their heightened risk of heart attack, stroke
and diabetes.
Health and Fitness For The Long Run.
The program helps you develop exercise, nutrition, and eating habits to
keep you fit for the rest of your life.
Post-text work
1. Remember the following words and phrases which are used for
generalization:
Generally, on the whole, in practice, besides, it should be noted,
according to statistics, in other words, as proof of it ... .
2. Write down an annotation.
Reading 5
Pre-text work
1. While reading the text make brief notes of all information that you will
find new.
2. Say what information in the article is new.
TEXT 5
FRIENDS, MONEY ARE MEDICINE
FOR HEART PATIENTS
By Tim Friend
USA TODAY
Anaheim, Calif. - Heart disease patients who have love, friends and
money live longer than those who are poor and alone, new research
shows.
"It's great to do all we can with technology, but people also should
know just having someone to talk to is very powerful medicine", says Dr.
Redford Williams, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C.
His research shows that while money helps, the strongest predictor of
heart patients' longevity was having a close relationship. Findings,
presented at an American Heart Association meeting:
• 50% of unmarried patients had died five years after diagnosis.
Married, 17%.
• 24% of people with family income of $10,000 or less had died.
Above $40,000, 9%.
Post-text work
1. What aspects of the problem do you believe this article describe?
2. Write down an annotative translation
Данная статья опубликована в ...
Use:
Статья озаглавлена ...
Автор акцентирует внимание на ...
Статья написана для ...
В заключение автор, суммируя все факты, ...
Reading 6
Pre-text work
1. Before you begin reading this text say what in view it is going to be.
Use the heading as a clue.
2. Say what information given in the text is new for you.
TEXT 6
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
Outside of the more popular drugs there was success in the
treatment of some of the symptoms of psychosis and depression. The
first antipsychotic compound, for the treatment of the symptoms
of schizophrenia, was chlorpromazine (known by tradenames like
Largactil or Thorazine) in 1953. Their effects went beyond simple
sedation with patients showing improvements in thinking and
emotional behaviour, and over 100 million patients were treated. From
chlorpromazine number of other similar antidopaminergic compounds
were developed, such as the phenothiazines. Such drugs had a
revolutionary role in transforming mental institutions from an almost
purely custodial role.
Enthusiasm for the first generation of anti-psychotic medications
peaked in the late 1960s, but the image of the drugs plummeted in the
mid-1970s as studies emerged showing that chronic users of antipsychotic medication developed high rates of tardive dyskinesia, a
typically permanent neurological disorder similar to Parkinson's disease
involving involuntary movements. The first generation of antipsychotic
drugs are now commonly referred to as typical antipsychotics.
In the 1990s severa1 atypical antipsychotic drugs were first
marketed. Atypical antipsychotics are believed to have a lower
incidence of tardive dyskinesia and extrapyramidal side-effects than
the first generation typical antipsychotics. The atypical antipsychotics are
believed to be better at treating the "negative symptoms" of
schizophrenia. They are currently marketed under the names Abilify
(aripiprazole) and Risperidol (risperidone)among others.
However, the limited available knowledge of brain chemistry
means that even the more modern compounds cause a range of
extrapyramidal side-effects. While effective at controlling acute
symptoms, antipsychotic drugs are of less value in treating chronic
symptoms.
Post-text work
1. Look through the text for the facts which are important for the general
understanding.
2. Underline the sentences which seem most important to you.
3. Sum up the main ideas of the text and write down an annotation.
Use: This article is concerned with …..
In the article the author gives the description of ..
It should be noted that ..
The following conclusions are drawn ..
The importance of .. is stressed.
Reading 7
Pre-text work
1. Say what you know about obesity.
2. Translate into Russian the following word-combinations:
certain medications, steroid medications, migraine medications, mood
altering medications, addiction to drugs, poor eating habits, motivational
drive for smth., to trigger overeating and obesity, to combat obesity, drugs
of abuse, treatment possibilities.
3. Skim the text. Does the text contain information about treatments for
obesity or causes of obesity?
4. Scan the text. What sort of ideas do you think the text contains?
TEXT 7
Medications
Certain medications can also be a cause of obesity. Steroid
medications are common culprits increasing the amount of fluid the body
holds in the body. Some migraine medications are also known to cause
weight gain. Antidepressants and other mood altering medications,
sometimes used for the treatment of stress, anxiety and depression can also
cause increased weight gain.
A recent study conducted by a team of researchers from the
Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York found that
overeating is really an addiction, like any other addiction to drugs, alcohol
etc. It has been known for a long time now that many people may develop
an addiction to eating, eating disorders and poor eating habits. But the new
study is important, because it shows that there is a close connection
between stomach and the brain. More exactly, the stomach of those
addicted to overeating is linked to the hippocampus area of the brain, the
same neural region which is involved in drug addiction.
The hippocampus is the area of the brain mostly concerned with the
memory and emotions. Besides the hippocampus, overeating also
stimulates the frontal cortex region of the brain. "We found that areas of
the brain that received signals were the hippocampus, which is involved in
memory and emotion, and also the frontal cortex," wrote Dr. Gene-Jack
Wang and his team in the report published in the Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences. He added that "similar brain circuits
underlie the enhanced motivational drive for food and drugs seen in obese
and drug-addicted subjects, respectively."
The team explained that signals from the stomach to the hippocampus
region of the brain are the key-factor which triggers overeating and
obesity. Researchers also cautioned that even if one who used to be
overweight and obese lost weight and has a normal"BMI, he is still at the
risk of gaining weight again, as the link between the hippocampus and
stomach preserves within his body. "An obese person, even if he becomes
lean, still has the signals in the area of the hippocampus, so there is a high
likelihood that he will relapse," explained Dr. Wang.
However, things are not that tragic and pessimistic as they may seem
at a first view. Dr. Mark Gold. Professor of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
at the University of Florida's McKnight Brain Institute pinpointed the fact
that knowing which bodily mechanism triggers overeating and eating
disorders is very useful for medical experts, as it may help in the
development of new ways to combat obesity. "The advantage of having a
novel hypothesis means that we might be able to develop new treatments
for obesity similar to those for drugs of abuse. This opens a whole range
of treatment possibilities." he said.
The only question which still remains unanswered until further
research - the most difficult question, in fact - is how the information can
be used in order to efficiently fight against obesity. Dr. Wang suggested
that new methods of treating obesity and overeating may be linked to
emotions, like in the case of drug addicts. "That is the million-dollar
question. We must study to learn more about how the signal is transmitted
and how to treat obesity. As with drug addiction, we might also have to
treat the emotions," the leader of the study said.
Post-text work
1. Remember the following words and phrases, which are used for
generalization:
for instance, accordingly, because of, due to, as a matter of fact,
consequently, as a result, in conclusion.
2. Sum up the main ideas of the article and write down an
annotation/annotative translation.
Reading 8
Pre-text work
1. Before you begin reading this text say what in your view it is going to
be.
2. Say what you already know about aspiring effects.
3. Say what kind of reader you think the author has in mind.
TEXT 8
ASPIRIN EFFECTS DIFFER IN WOMEN
Broad benefits seen primarily in those 65 and older, Women 's Health
Study data show.
While benefits of aspirin have been clearly established for secondary
prevention of cardiovascular disease and events in both men and women,
the drug has been poorly studied in women who did not have preexisting
problems. Now, in results from the first large-scale investigation of the
drug for prevention of cardiovascular disease and events in women,
aspirin protected primarily against ischemic stroke yet increased
gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, making use questionable in most women
younger than 65 years and those in the elderly group at increased risk of
GI problems.
Data from the Women's Health Study were presented at the 54th
Annual Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology in
Orlando by Paul M. Ridker, MD, of Boston's Brigham and Women's
Hospital, and released simultaneously by the New England Journal of
Medicine. A total of 39,876 initially healthy women were followed for 10
years while they took aspirin 100 mg or placebo every other day. At
follow-up, the risk of stroke was reduced significantly, by 17% in the
aspirin group compared with the placebo group. This difference resulted
from a 24% reduction in risk of ischemic stroke, as a nonsignificant
increase was seen in the risk of hemorrhagic stroke in the group taking
aspirin. Aspirin had no significant effect on the risk of fatal or nonfatal
myocardial infarction or death from cardiovascular causes except in the
subgroup of patients who were 65 and older.
Gastrointestinal bleeding requiring transfusion occurred more
frequently in the aspirin group, with a 40% increase in relative risk. The
increase in absolute risk was small, as the number of events totaled 127 in
the aspirin group and 91 in the placebo group. Overall, five women died
from gastrointestinal hemorrhages, including two who were taking aspirin
and three who receiving placebo.
Writing in the New England Journal of Medicine, Ridker and his
colleagues offered this advice to clinicians and patients: "With respect to
guidelines in primary prevention, in 2002, the Preventive Services Task
Force and the American Heart Association recommended aspirin for
adults whose 10-year risks of a first coronary-heart-disease event were at
least 6 percent and 10 percent, respectively. However, this may be
complex for women, since in our study overall, aspirin lowered the risk of
stroke without affecting the risk of myocardial infarction or death from
cardiovascular causes. Thus, as with men, any decision about the use of
aspirin in primary prevention among women must ultimately be made
after a woman consults her physician or health care provider, so that the
net absolute benefits and risks for the individual patient can be
ascertained."
Post-text work
1. Say what information given in the article is new for you.
2. Look through the text for the figures which are important for general
understanding of the text. State the main problems discussed in the
article.
3. Sum up the main ideas of the article and write down an annotation.
Over to you
Speak on “News in Pharmacy”.