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AP Biology
Ecology Unit
Tahquitz HS
NOTE: The exam covers the whole Ecology Unit Ch 51-56. This study guide is to help you study
but is NOT a comprehensive list of the content included in the exam.
Chapter 51: Animal Behavior
4. Define a fixed action pattern and give an example.
5. Distinguish between kinesis and taxis.
9. Describe the information content in the round dance and waggle dance of a honeybee.
12. Define imprinting. Suggest a proximate cause and an ultimate cause for imprinting in newly
hatched geese.
16. Distinguish between classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
25. Describe optimal foraging theory.
28. Define and distinguish among promiscuous, monogamous, and polygamous mating
relationships. Define and distinguish between polygyny and polyandry.
35. Define altruistic behavior, providing examples.
40. Explain why mate choice copying by a female may increase her fitness.
1) agonistic behavior
2) altruism
3) archenteron
4) associative learning
5) behavior
6) behavioral ecology
7) blastocoel
8) blastomere
9) circadian rhythm
10) classical conditioning
11) coefficient of relatedness
12) cognition
13) cognitive map
14) communication
15) cross-fostering study
16) culture
17) ecology
18) ethology
19) fixed action pattern (FAP)
20) foraging
21) game theory
22) habituation
23) Hamilton’s rule
24) imprinting
25) inclusive fitness
26) innate behavior
27) intersexual selection
28) intrasexual selection
29) kin selection
30) kinesis
31) landmark
32) learning
33) mate choice copying
34) migration
35) model organism
36) monogamous
37) operant conditioning
38) pheromone
39) polyandry
40) polygamous
41) polygyny
42) problem solving
43) promiscuous
44) proximate causation
45) reciprocal altruism
46) sensitive period
47) sign stimulus
48) signal
49) social learning
50) sociobiology
51) spatial learning
52) taxis
53) twin study
54) ultimate causation
Chapter 52: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
4. Distinguish among organism ecology, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem
ecology, and landscape ecology.
9. Distinguish between the potential and actual range of a species.
12. Describe, with examples, how biotic and abiotic factors may affect the distribution of organisms.
13. List the four abiotic factors that are the most important components of climate.
17. Name three ways in which marine biomes affect the biosphere
18. Define each layer in a stratified aquatic biome: photic zone, aphotic zone, benthic zone, abyssal
zone.
23. Describe the vertical layering of a forest and grassland.
1) abyssal zone
2) aphotic zone
3) benthic zone
4) benthos
5) biogeography
6) biome
7) biosphere
8) canopy
9) chaparral
10) climate
11) climograph
12) community
13) community ecology
14) coral reef
15) deep-sea hydrothermal vent
16) desert
17) detritus
18) dispersal
19) ecosystem
20) ecosystem ecology
21) ecotone
22) estuary
23) eutrophic lake
24) global ecology
25) intertidal zone
26) landscape ecology
27)
28)
29)
30)
31)
32)
33)
34)
35)
36)
37)
38)
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limnetic zone
littoral zone
macroclimate
marine benthic zone
microclimate
neritic zone
northern coniferous forest
oceanic pelagic zone
oligotrophic lake
organismal ecology
permafrost
photic zone
savanna
temperate broadleaf forest
temperate grassland
thermocline
tropical rain forest
tropics
tundra
turnover
wetland
Chapter 53: Population Ecology
3. Describe conditions that may result in clumped dispersion, uniform dispersion, and random
dispersion of individuals in a population.
5. Distinguish between a life table and a reproductive table.
6. Describe the characteristics of populations that exhibit Type I, Type II, and Type III survivorship
curves.
9. Compare the exponential model of population growth with the logistic model.
11. Explain the meaning of each of the following terms in the logistic model of population growth:
a. rmax
b. K – N
c. (K-N)/K
12. Distinguish between r-selected populations and K-selected populations.
13. Explain how density-dependent and density-independent factors may affect population growth.
15. Describe boom-and-bust population cycles, explaining possible causes of lynx/hare fluctuations.
1) age structure
2) big-bang reproduction
3) carrying capacity
4) cohort
5) density
6) density dependent
7) density independent
8) dispersion
9) ecological footprint
10) emigration
11) exponential population growth
12) immigration
13) iteroparity
Chapter 54: Community Ecology
14)
15)
16)
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18)
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20)
21)
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24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
K-selection
life history
life table
logistic population growth
mark-recapture method
metapopulation
population
population dynamics
population ecology
repeated reproduction
reproductive table
r-selection
semelparity
survivorship curve
territoriality
zero population growth
(ZPG)
2. State the competitive exclusion principle.
4. Explain how interspecific competition may
lead to resource partitioning.
5. Distinguish between fundamental and realized niche.
8. Distinguish between Batesian mimicry and Müllerian mimicry.
9. Describe how predators may use mimicry to obtain prey.
10. Give specific examples of adaptations of herbivores.
12. Distinguish among parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.
15. Distinguish between a food chain and a food web.
24. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession.
28. Explain why species richness declines along an equatorial-polar gradient.
29. Explain the significance of measures of evapotranspiration to species richness.
32. Describe one terrestrial and one marine example of a pathogen that has altered the structure of the
community in which it is found.
1) aposematic coloration
2) Batesian mimicry
3) biogeography
4) biomanipulation
5) biomass
6) bottom-up model
7) character displacement
8) commensalism
9) community
10) community ecology
11) competitive exclusion
12) cryptic coloration (CT)
13) disturbance
14) dominant species
15) dynamic stability hypothesis
16) ecological niche
17) ecological succession
18) ectoparasite
19) endoparasite
20) energetic hypothesis
21) evapotranspiration
22) facilitator
23) food chain
24) food web
25) herbivory
26) host
27) intermediate disturbance hypothesis
28)
29)
30)
31)
32)
33)
34)
35)
36)
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38)
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40)
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42)
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50)
interspecific competition
interspecific interaction
invasive species
keystone species
Müllerian mimicry
nonequilibrium model
parasite
parasitism
pathogen
predation
primary succession
relative abundance
resource partitioning
secondary succession
Shannon diversity
species diversity
species richness
species-area curve
symbiosis
top-down model
trophic structure
vector
zoonotic pathogen
Chapter 55: Ecosystems
1. Describe the fundamental relationship between autotrophs and heterotrophs in an ecosystem.
2. Explain how the first and second laws of thermodynamics apply to ecosystems.
3. Explain how decomposition connects all trophic levels in an ecosystem.
5. Define and compare gross primary production and net primary production.
11. Explain why areas of upwelling in the ocean have exceptionally high levels of primary production.
14. Distinguish between a pyramid of net production and a pyramid of biomass.
19. Describe the four nutrient reservoirs and the processes that transfer the elements between reservoirs.
22. Describe the nitrogen cycle and explain the importance of nitrogen fixation to all living organisms.
Name three other key bacterial processes in the nitrogen cycle.
23. Describe the phosphorus cycle and explain how phosphorus is recycled locally in most ecosystems.
27. Describe how agricultural practices can interfere with nitrogen cycling.
28. Describe the causes and consequences of acid precipitation.
1) acid precipitation
2) actual evapotranspiration
3) biogeochemical cycle
4) biological magnification
5) critical load
6) decomposer
7) detritivore
8) ecosystem
9) eutrophication
10) first law of thermodynamics
11) green world hypothesis
12) greenhouse effect
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
gross primary production (GPP)
law of conservation of mass
limiting nutrient
net primary production (NPP)
primary consumer
primary producer
primary production
production efficiency
secondary consumer
secondary production
tertiary consumer
trophic efficiency
turnover time
Chapter 56: Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology
1. Distinguish between conservation biology and restoration biology.
4. List the three major threats to biodiversity and give an example of each.
6. Explain how an extinction vortex can lead to the extinction of a small population. Describe how a
greater prairie chicken population was rescued from an extinction vortex.
8. Describe the basic steps that are used to analyze declining populations and determine possible
interventions in the declining-population approach. Describe the case of the red-cockaded
woodpecker to illustrate this approach.
10. Explain how edges and corridors can strongly influence landscape biodiversity.
11. Define biodiversity hot spots and explain why they are important.
15. Explain the importance of bioremediation and biological augmentation of ecosystem processes in
restoration efforts.
16. Describe the process of adaptive management.
10) introduced species
17. Describe the concept of sustainable development.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
biodiversity hot spot
biological augmentation
bioremediation
biosphere
conservation biology
ecosystem service
effective population size
endangered species
extinction vortex
11) landscape
12) minimum viable population
(MVP)
13) movement corridor
14) polymerase chain reaction
(PCR)
15) restoration ecology
16) sustainable development
17) threatened species
18) zoned reserve