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DAY 2
GRAMMAR LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
The personal pronoun
The past tense
Common noun categories.
Masculine nouns ending in –ας and –ης
5. Feminine nouns ending in –α and –η
6. The uses of nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative
The personal pronoun
Εγώ
Εσύ
Αυτός
Αυτή
Αυτό
Εμείς
Εσείς
Αυτοί
Αυτές
Αυτά
I
You
He
She
It
We
You all
They (masculine)
They (feminine)
They (neuter)
As I said before, the personal pronoun is NOT necessary for conjugating
verbs. It is only used for emphasis.
Example:
Θέλει καφέ: he wants coffee (no emphasis)
Αυτός θέλει καφέ: HE wants coffee (with emphasis on HE)
The past tense
To form the past tense, you need three things:
1. A new stem (different from the stem of the present tense)
Most of the time,
(a) the stem of the past tense is only slightly different, and
(b) you will notice a pattern of similarity between the present tense
and the past tense stems.
Example: verbs that end in –ίζω (e.g., σκουπίζω), in the past
tense end in –ισα (e.g., σκούπισα).
2. In the past tense, the accent jumps one syllable to the left. If there is
no syllable to jump, we add an ε- in the beginning of the word.
Example: δίνω: I give (present tense); έδωσα: I gave (past tense).
3.
The past tense has its own set of conjugation endings:
ENDINGS
-α
-ες
-ε
-αμε
-ατε
-αν
EXAMPLE
έδωσα
έδωσες
έδωσε
δώσαμε
δώσατε
έδωσαν
I gave
you gave
he gave
we gave
you all gave
they gave

Did you notice the extra syllable ε- at the beginning of the word?

Did you also notice that when the word had three syllables, the extra syllable was
dropped?
Exercise: Conjugate these verbs in the past tense: έγραψα, χτύπησα, έσπασα, άνοιξα,
χόρεψα, έστειλα
Common Noun Categories
Based on their endings
MASCULINE:
-ας
-ης
-ος
example: ο ελέφαντας
example: ο μαθητής
example: ο γιατρός
-α
-η
example: η γάτα
example: η μύτη
-ο
-ι
-α
example: το βιβλίο
example: υο παιδί
example: το δέμα
FEMNINE
NEUTER
Remember that each of these categories has its own set endings for
nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative in singular and in plural.
We will go over each category separately with examples and exercises.
Masculine nouns ending in –ας and –ης.
SINGULAR
NOMINATIVE ο
ελέφαντας
GENITIVE
του ελέφαντα
ACCUSATIVE τον ελέφαντα
VOCATIVE
ελέφαντα
PLURAL
οι
ελέφαντες
των ελεφάντων
τους ελέφαντες
ελέφαντες
SINGULAR
NOMINATIVE ο
μαθητής
GENITIVE
του μαθητή
ACCUSATIVE τον μαθητή
VOCATIVE
μαθητή
PLURAL
οι
μαθητές
των μαθητών
τους μαθητές
μαθητές
Write the corresponding singular or plural of the nouns below in the same case and
using the correct article.
SINGULAR
τον ελέφαντα
PLURAL
SINGULAR
τον καθηγητή
οι χτίστες
των υπολογιστών
των αγώνων
ο κανόνας
τους πατέρες
οι λοχίες
του άρχοντα
πατέρα
των καρχαρίων
λογιστή
ο εργάτης
τους ποιητές
του νικητή
τον πλανήτη
οι μαθητές
τους ναύτες
τον αγκόνα
οι φύλακες
τους πίνακες
ο μήνας
επιχειρηματίες
PLURAL
του ληστή
οι ακροβάτες
Τον δικαστή
ο διαβήτης
των διευθυντών
στρατιώτες
του άνδρα
του μαγνήτη
τους ψεύτες
τον εργάτη
Feminine nouns ending in –α and –η.
SINGULAR
NOMINATIVE η
γάτα
GENITIVE
της γάτας
ACCUSATIVE την γάτα
VOCATIVE
γάτα
PLURAL
οι
γάτες
των γατών
τις
γάτες
γάτες
SINGULAR
NOMINATIVE η
μύτη
GENITIVE
της μύτης
ACCUSATIVE την μύτη
VOCATIVE
μύτη
PLURAL
οι
μύτες
των μυτών
τις
μύτες
μύτες
Write the corresponding singular or plural of the nouns below in the same case and
using the correct article.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
τις παραλίες
SINGULAR
τη μύτη
οι φωνές
τις λύπες
η θάλασσα
των εφημερίδων
δασκάλα
της μαθήτριας
των μελισσών
οι πατάτες
την παραλία
τις βαλίτσες
η βανίλια
κόρη
της πηγής
η φρίκη
τις αντιλοπες
Η ζωή
της νίκης
την φυγή
των αλοιφών
τις ανοχές
οι ταραχές
τις αλήθειες
των χαρών
η βοήθεια
την χώρα
τις κοπέλες
πίτσα
οι εβδομάδες
την φούστα
των ζημιών
της μέλισσας
οι πατρίδες
τις σάλπιγγες
των χωρών
τις κατσαρόλες
της ώρας
PLURAL
την εκπομπή
η αλλαγή
των εντολών
τις διακοπές
The uses of nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative
In this section we will use the terms the familiar terms subject, complement,
direct object and indirect object. In case you have forgotten what these terms
mean, this might be a good time to revisit your English grammar book. We
will talk about the indirect object later.
1. The nominative is used to form a subject or a complement.
Example: Ο Νίκος είναι μαθητής (Nick is a student).
Subject
Complement
2. The accusative is used as a direct object.
Examples: Ο σκύλος δάγκασε τη γάτα (the dog bit the cat)
subject
direct object
Η γάτα δάγκασε το σκύλο (the cat bit the dog)
subject
direct object
3. The vocative is used when you call or address some one.
Example: Νίκο, έλα εδώ (Nick, come here)
vocative
Exercise using the nominative and the accusative
Based on what you have learned today, chose the correct case
(nominative or accusative) to make the sentences.
o σκύλος (the dog), η γάτα (the cat),
ο καθηγητής (the professor), ο μαθητής (the student),
ο ναύτης (the sailor), η μητέρα (the mother),
ο πατέρας (the father), η πίτσα (the pizza),
η δασκάλα (the lady teacher), η βοήθεια (the help),
ο εργάτης (the worker), ο υπολογιστής (the computer),
ο χτίστης (the builder), η αλοιφή (the ointment),
ο άνδρας (the man), η γυναίκα (the woman)
βοήθησα (helped), έσπασα (broke), έφαγα (ate),
δάγκασα (bit), έδειξα (point at), φίλησα (kissed),
άνοιξα (opened), έκλεισα (closed)
ξέρω (I know)
The sailor broke the computer.
The woman helped the teacher.
The dog bit the professor.
The man is a builder.
The father kissed the mother.
The dog and the cat ate the pizza.
The worker knows the lady teacher.
We did not eat the pizza.
Ο ναύτης έπασε τον υπολογιστή.
Create 10 sentences with a subject, a verb and a direct object or
complement using the words above..