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Chapter 15
Water: Part 1
Core Case Study: Water Conflicts in the Middle East
Many countries in the Middle East, face _______ shortages.
Middle East has one of the world’s __________ population growth rates
Most water in this _______ region comes from the _______, Jordan or Tigris rivers.
Countries are in _____________ as to who has ________ rights.
Currently, there are no _________ for use of 158 of the world’s ______ water
basins that are shared by two or more __________.
WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL
Water keeps us alive, moderates _________, sculpts the land, removes and dilutes
________ and pollutants, and moves continually through the water (______________)
cycle.
Only about _______% of the earth’s water supply is available to us as liquid
__________.
Some _______________ infiltrates the ground and is stored in _____ and _____
(groundwater).
Water that does not _________ into the ground or evaporate into the ________
(surface runoff) into bodies of water.
watershed or drainage basin:
About _____% of the water we take from rivers, lakes, and __________ is not
returned to these sources.
____________ is the biggest user of water (70%), followed by __________ (20%)
and ________ and ____________ (10%).
Case Study: Freshwater Resources in the United States
_____ western states by 2025 could face intense conflict over ________ needed
for urban growth, irrigation, recreation and wildlife.
TOO LITTLE FRESHWATER
About ____% of the world’s population lives in ____________that do not have
enough freshwater.
Many parts of the world are experiencing:
1.
2.
Case Study: Who Should Own and Manage Freshwater Resources
There is controversy over whether ________ supplies should be owned and managed
by __________ or private ______________.
European-based water companies aim to control ____% of the U.S. water supply by
_________ water companies and entering into ____________ with cities to manage
water supplies.
________ are outbidding __________ for water supplies from rivers and aquifers.
More _________ are being used to produce __________.
Our water options are:
1. Get more water from ______________
2. _________ ocean water
3. _______ less water.
Chapter 14
Water:Part 2
WITHDRAWING GROUNDWATER TO INCREASE SUPPLIES
Most aquifers are _____________ resources unless water is removed _________
than it is replenished or if they are _____________
Groundwater ___________ is a growing problem mostly from __________.
At least ___ of the farms in ______ are being irrigated from over-used aquifers.
Other Effects of Groundwater Overpumping
Groundwater overpumping can cause land to ______, and contaminate freshwater
aquifers near coastal areas with ___________.
_________ form when the roof of an underground ________ collapses after being
drained of groundwater.
USING DAMS AND RESERVOIRS TO SUPPLY MORE WATER
Large dams and reservoirs can:
1. produce cheap ______________
2. reduce downstream ___________
3. provide year-round water for irrigating _________
…but they also _________ people and ________ aquatic systems.
Case Study: The Colorado Basin – an Overtapped Resource
The Colorado River has so many _______ and withdrawals that it often does not
reach the _______.
____ major dams and reservoirs, and canals.
Water is mostly used in ________ area of the U.S.
Provides _______________ from hydroelectric plants for ______________
people (______ of the U.S. population).
Lake Powell, is the second largest _____________ in the U.S.
It has one of the hydroelectric plants located on the ______________ River.
China’s Three Gorges Dam
There is a debate over whether the advantages of the world’s largest dam and
reservoir will outweigh its disadvantages.
1. The ____________ output will be that of ____ large coal-burning or nuclear
power plants.
2. It will facilitate _______ travel, reducing transportation costs.
3. Dam will displace _____________ people.
4. Dam is built over a ___________ and already has small cracks.
Dam Removal
Some dams are being removed for ______________ reasons and because they have
outlived their usefulness.
In ________ the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers announced that it would no longer
build large dams and diversion projects in the U.S.
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has approved the removal of nearly
_____ dams.
Removing dams can ___________ ecosystems, but can also re-release _________
into the environment.
TRANSFERRING WATER FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER
Transferring water can make ______________ areas more productive but can cause
environmental harm.
Promotes ___________, jobs and strong economy.
It encourages _______________ use of water in areas where water is not naturally
supplied.
DESALTING SEAWATER, SEEDING CLOUDS, AND TOWING ICEBERGS AND
GIANT BAGGIES
Removing _______ from seawater by current methods is ____________ and
produces large amounts of salty _______________ that must be disposed of safely.
Distillation:.
Reverse osmosis:
____________ clouds with tiny particles of chemicals to increase ____________
towing icebergs or huge bags filled with ______________ to dry coastal areas have all
been proposed but are unlikely to provide significant amounts of freshwater.
INCREASING WATER SUPPLIES BY WASTING LESS WATER
We waste about _____ of the water we use, but we could cut this waste to ______.
__________% of the water people use is lost through ____________, leaks, etc.
The lack of government incentive for ______________ the efficiency of water use
contributes to water waste.
____% of the world’s irrigation water is currently wasted, but improved __________
techniques could cut this waste to 5-20%.
Low pressure ______________ spray water directly onto crop.
It allows ______% of water to reach crop.
Has reduced depletion of _____________ aquifer in Texas by 30%.
Solutions: Getting More Water for Irrigation in Developing Countries – The LowTech Approach
Many poor farmers in developing countries use _________ methods to pump
groundwater and make more efficient use of ____________.
Using Less Water to Remove Industrial and Household Wastes
We can mimic the way nature deals with wastes instead of using large amounts of
high-quality water to wash away and dilute _______________ and ____________
wastes.
Use ___________ in wastewater before treatment as soil fertilizer.
Use waterless and odorless _____________ toilets that convert human
_________ matter into a small amount of soil material.
TOO MUCH WATER
Heavy rainfall, rapid _____________, removal of _______________, and
destruction of wetlands cause flooding.
_______________, (which include highly productive wetlands), help provide natural
flood and ______________control, maintain high water _____________, and
______________ groundwater.
To minimize floods, rivers have been narrowed with levees and walls, and dammed to
store water
SOLUTIONS: USING WATER MORE SUSTAINABLY
We can use water more sustainably by:
Cutting ___________
______________ water prices
Preserving forests and ____________ in water basins
Slowing _____________ growth.