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LESSON 5 PART 1 POPULATION AND URBANIZATION 1. Fill in the blanks with one appropriate term from the list below: crude birthrate concentric-zone age composition urban society fresh water out-migration kinship ties urban industrial clean air in-migration arable soil class interests health care public health Subcultural theory psychic overload World War II metropolitan area urban revolution demographic transition defended neighborhoods crude death rate rate of reproductive change disability-adjusted life expectancy declining zones births economically high families declining migration commercial fuels expand industrial deaths larger population settlement satellite strip urbanization families cultural institutional transportation metropolitan anomie megalopolis intimate community impersonal automobiles stressful individualism highways decentralization stable anomic lifestyle kinship groups ethnicity occupation 7 billion 1.5 socially Populations change as a consequence of _____________________, _____________________, _____________________ and _____________________. The _____________________ is the number of births occurring during a year in a given population divided by the midyear population. The _____________________ is the number of deaths occurring during a year divided by the midyear population. The _____________________ is the difference between the crude birthrate and the crude death rate for a given population. Since World War II the world population has been increasing at an annual rate of more than _____________________ percent, surpassing _____________________ in 2012. The _____________________ is a set of major changes in birth and death rates that has occurred most completely in _____________________ nations in the past 200 years. It takes place in three stages: (1) _____________________ birth and death rates; (2) _____________________ death rates; and (3) _____________________ birthrates. These stages are accompanied by changes in the _____________________ of the population. Life expectancy is highest in societies with advanced systems of _____________________ and well-developed _____________________ systems. A more sophisticated measure, _____________________ (DALE), takes into account how long a person can live without severe and disabling illness. The growth of the human population in the past two centuries has begun to exert major stresses on the earth’s resources of _____________________, _____________________ and _____________________ for drinking and irrigation, as well as on its sources of _____________________. Urbanization is closely linked with rapid increases in _____________________, but at the same time the nature of life in cities tends to limit the size of urban _____________________. Cities grow primarily as a result of _____________________ (which is often caused by population increases in rural areas), but new migrants do not find it easy to form _____________________. The increasing tendency of people throughout the world to live in cities has been referred to as the _____________________. Not only are increasing proportions of the world’s population living in cities, but the cities themselves are _____________________ than ever before. The growth of cities in the 20th century gave rise to the concept of the _____________________, in which a central city is surrounded by a number of smaller cities and suburbs that are closely related to it both _____________________ and _____________________. The growth of cities should be distinguished from _____________________ which refers to the proportion of the total population concentrated in urban settlements. The result of urbanization is an “_____________________”. Not only do cities serve as the _____________________ and _____________________ centers of such societies, but urban life has a pervasive influence on the entire society. Sociologists have devoted a great deal of study to the processes by which cities _____________________ and to patterns of _____________________ within cities. An early model of urban expansion was the _____________________ model developed by Park and Burgess. In this model a central business district is surrounded by successive _____________________ devoted to light manufacturing, workers’ homes, higher-class apartment buildings and single-family homes, and a commuters’ zone. This model is limited to _____________________ and _____________________ cities that formed around business centers and does not account for the rise of _____________________ cities and the rapid urbanization that occurs along commercial _____________________ corridors. The growth of satellite cities was especially rapid before _____________________. A more current model of urbanization is known as _____________________ development and describes the incorporation of smaller communities and towns into a larger _____________________ area. Metropolitan areas have expanded greatly since the mid-twentieth century, largely as a result of the increasing use of _____________________ and the construction of a network of _____________________ covering the entire nation. In some areas this growth has created large multinuclear urban systems that are described by the term _____________________. One effect of the development of such areas is _____________________, in which outlying areas become more important at the expense of the central city. Social scientists who have studied the effects of urban life have been particularly concerned with the tension between _____________________ and _____________________ as it relates to life in cities. Early studies of urban life tended to conclude that it weakens _____________________ and produces _____________________ social relationships. Urban life was also thought to produce “_____________________” and _____________________. More recently these conclusions have been criticized by researchers who have found that many city dwellers maintain _____________________, _____________________ relationships with kin, neighbors and coworkers and that urban life is not necessarily _____________________ or _____________________. _____________________ sees the city as a mosaic of social worlds or intimate social groups. Communities of all kinds can be found in cities. Those communities may be based on _____________________, _____________________, _____________________, _____________________ or similar personal attributes. Occasionally various communities within cities come into conflict. Such conflict may arise out of different _____________________ or the conflicting goals of different _____________________ within the city. Some urban sociologists see the city as divided into “_____________________” or territories whose residents attempt to protect them from “invasion” by outsiders. 2. For each of the following terms, identify the correct definition and enter the appropriate letter in the blank in front of the definition. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. crude birthrate crude death rate rate of reproductive change demographic transition urbanization metropolitan area megalopolis ___ 1. the difference between the crude birthrate and the crude dearth rate for a given population. ___ 2. a process in which an increasing proportion of a total population becomes concentrated in urban settlements. ___ 3. a set of major changes in birth and death rates that has occurred most completely in urban industrial nations in the past 200 years. ___ 4. a complex of cities distributed along a major axis of traffic and communication, with a total population exceeding 25 million. ___ 5. the number of births occurring during a year in a given population, divided by the midyear population. ___ 6. a central city surrounded by a number of smaller cities and suburbs that are closely related to it both socially and economically. ___ 7. the number of deaths occurring during a year in a given population, divided by the midyear population. 3. Encircle the correct answer to each question, from the answers provided below. 1. According to the United Nations projections, by 2025 the Earth’s population may be: a. about the same as the current figure b. almost 9 billion c. about 2 trillion d. drastically reduced 2. The number of births occurring during a year in a given population divided by the midyear population is the: a. crude birthrate b. rate of reproductive change c. demographic transition d. basic demographic equation 3. The first stage of the demographic transition consists of a (an): a. increase in death rates b. increase in birthrates c. decrease in death rates d. decrease in birthrates 4. Which of the following is not a factor of demographic transition? a. higher age at marriage b. fewer couples marrying c. use of birth-control techniques d. urban-rural migration 5. The so-called urban revolution began: a. in the 16th century b. at about the same time as the shift to agriculture c. around 1800 d. after World War II 6. An urban society is characterized by: a. expanding settlements b. a mass culture c. urban influence on rural areas d. all of the above 7. The model of urban growth developed by Robert Park and Ernest Burgess was the: a. concentric-zone model b. satellite model c. strip development model d. none of the above 8. In which of the following does the town center eventually disappear? a. the concentric-zone model b. the strip development model c. satellite cities d. the megalopolitan approach 9. The term megalopolis is used to describe an urban system characterized by: a. multiple nuclei b. a population over 25 million c. a network of interdependent communities d. all of the above 10. An important effect of the growth of the megalopolitan areas is: a. an increasingly homogenous population b. more efficient public utilities c. decentralization of business and industry d. the demise of central cities 11. Subcultural theory holds that: a. urbanization leads to a decline of community b. urban life creates a “psychic overload” c. the city is a “mosaic of social worlds” d. rural life is much more pleasant than urban life 12. Which of the following statements is not true? a. Social change is less noticeable in cities than in rural areas. b. Urban renewal has given way to the concept of “redevelopment”, which does not involve the destruction of entire neighborhoods. c. A “defended neighborhood” is a territory that a group of people are willing to defend against “invasion” by outsiders. d. A frequent source of intergroup conflict in American cities has been racial tension. 4. TRUE or FALSE: T/F 1. The demographic transition is the difference between the crude birthrate and the crude death rate for a given population. T/F 2. Large-scale urbanization is a relatively recent development in human history. T/F 3. One effect of the growth of megalopolitan areas is decentralization, in which outlying areas become more important relative to the central city. PART 2 THE FAMILY 1. Fill in the blanks with one appropriate term from the list below: a year empty nest same-sex adult roles roughly equal extended family nuclear family family values role relations extended family female-headed social institutions marital instability family backgrounds stratification system family of procreation family role relations family of orientation Age at marriage cohabitation before marriage family teens social kinship conflict unmarried conflict higher arranged racial nonfamily exchange religious poverty twenties children thirties divorce deprivation institutions structural stepfamilies emotional childbearing individuality childbearing pregnancy parenting formation bargaining socialization dissolution endogamy exogamy homogamy psychological interdependent Functionalist In all known societies almost everyone is socialized within a network of family rights and obligations that are known as _____________________. In simple societies the family performs a large number of other functions as well, but in modern societies most of the functions that were traditionally performed by the family are performed partly or entirely but other _____________________. A _____________________ is a group of people related by blood, marriage or adoption and the role relations among family members are known as _____________________ relations. The smallest unit of family structure is the _____________________, consisting of two or more people related by consanguineous ties or by adoption who share a household. The nuclear family into which one is born and socialized is the _____________________, and the nuclear family one forms through marriage or cohabitation is the _____________________. An _____________________ includes an individual’s nuclear family plus all the nuclear families of his or her blood relatives. Since the 1940s there has been a dramatic increase in _____________________ singleparent families and in _________________ households, as well as in the numbers of women and men living alone and in the number of _____________________, _____________________ couples. The economy exerts extremely strong influences on the family and can produce drastic changes in the number of families that experience _____________________ and _____________________. These changes are often complicated by divorce, remarriage and the combining of children of different marriages in _____________________. The typical stages of the family life cycle are family _____________________, start of _____________________, end of _____________________, _____________________ and family _____________________ (i.e. the death of one spouse). As it passes through this cycle, every family experiences changes in its system of _____________________. The _____________________ context within which family life occurs can affect family interactions in a variety of ways. Problems may arise in connection with the demands placed on the family by _____________________ of the larger society, or as a result of its position in the society’s _____________________. A basic contradiction that is inherent in the institution of the family is the need to maintain the _____________________ of each member while providing love and support for him or her within a set of _____________________ relationships. From a _____________________ perspective, changes in the family as an institution cannot occur without _____________________ both within the family and between the family and other institutions. Such conflict is illustrated by public debates over family policies and “_____________________”. _____________________ theorists have called attention to the loss of family functions that occurs as other social institutions assume functions that were previously reserved for the family. At the same time, they note that modern families play a vital part in earlychildhood _____________________, in the _____________________ lives of their members, and in preparing older children for _____________________. In all cultures, the process of mate selection is carried out according to basic rules of _____________________ and _____________________. In many societies the customary pattern of mate selection is the _____________________ marriage, in which the families of the bride and groom negotiate the marriage contract. All cultures also have norms that specify whether a person brought up in that culture may marry within or outside the cultural group. Marriage within the group is termed _____________________; marriage outside the group is termed _____________________. In societies in which marriages are based on attraction and love, individuals tend to marry people similar to themselves in social background, a tendency that is termed _____________________. This tendency generally helps maintain the separateness of _____________________ and _____________________ group. It appears that people who fall in love tend to be alike in _____________________ characteristics but different in their _____________________ needs; however, this is not always the case. There is also considerable evidence that love relationships are more lasting when the partners’ affection for each other is _____________________. In the United States and other Western societies, the rate of _____________________ has risen sharply since World War II. In the 1980s it was widely believed that the practice of _____________________ would result in greater marital stability, but in fact the divorce rate among couples who lived together before marriage is _____________________ than the rate for couples who have not done so. _____________________ has been found to be one of the leading factors in divorce. Marriages that take place when the woman is in her _____________________ or in her _____________________ are much more likely to end in divorce than marriages that take place when the woman is in her _____________________. Among other factors that have been found to be correlated with divorce are marked differences in the _____________________ of the spouses, dependence on either spouse’s extended family, and early _____________________. Studies of the impact of divorce have found that the turmoil and stress of divorce may continue for _____________________ or more. Both men and women have a diminished capacity for _____________________ after divorce ad may come to depend on their _____________________ to help them cope with the demands of their own lives. 2. For each of the following terms, identify the correct definition and enter the appropriate letter in the blank in front of the definition. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. double standard family kinship nuclear family family of orientation family of procreation extended family endogamy exogamy homogamy ___ 1. a norm specifying that a person brought up in a particular culture may marry within the cultural group. ___ 2. the role relations among people who consider themselves to be related by blood, marriage or adoption. ___ 3. the nuclear family that a person forms through marriage or cohabitation. ___ 4. the tendency to marry a person who is similar to oneself in social background. ___ 5. an individual’s nuclear family plus the nuclear families of his or her blood relatives. ___ 6. a group of people related by blood, marriage or adoption. ___ 7. two or more people related by blood, marriage or adoption. ___ 8. the nuclear family in which a person is born and raised. ___ 9. a norm specifying that a person brought up in a particular culture may marry outside the cultural group. ___ 10. the belief that women must adhere to a different and more restrictive moral code than that applied to men. 3. Encircle the correct answer to each question, from the answers provided below. 1. In peasant and primitive societies the family typically: a. engages in warfare and feuds. b. is submerged in the tribe or village social structure. c. performs any of the tasks now performed by other social institutions. d. is weakened by diseases and poverty. 2. Which of the following is not a function of the family in modern societies? a. social control of reproduction b. socialization of new generations c. “social placement” of children in other institutions d. production of goods and services 3. Two sisters and a niece living together would be an example of a: a. traditional family b. nuclear family c. fictive family d. reconstituted family 4. The family into which one is born and socialized is one’s: a. family of orientation b. family of procreation c. original family d. extended family 5. In recent years the median age of Europeans at first marriage has: a. risen b. decreased c. fallen dramatically d. remained the same 6. Which of the following statements is true? a. The functionalist perspective views changes in family roles as resulting from changes in other institutions. b. The conflict perspective asks how conditions of inequality and class conflict affect families. c. The interactionist perspective focuses on sources of tension within the family. d. all of the above 7. In all cultures the process of mate selection is carried out according to rules of: a. The functionalist perspective views changes in family roles as resulting from changes in other institutions. b. The conflict perspective asks how conditions of inequality and class conflict affect families. c. The interactionist perspective focuses on sources of tension within the family. d. all of the above 8. Throughout the world, sociologists find that marriages tend toward: a. exogamy b. endogamy c. polygamy d. homogamy 9. Homogamy in mate selection tends to: a. maintain the society’s social-class system b. maintain the separateness of religious groups c. discourage interracial marriages d. all of the above 10. According to the theory of complementary needs, people who fall in love tend to differ in their: a. education b. income c. psychological needs d. family background 11. In recent years, the divorce rate has: a. accelerated dramatically b. decreased slightly c. fallen rapidly d. remained the same 12. Which of the following had not been found to be correlated with marital instability and divorce? a. The couple met “on the rebound”. b. The couple married after an engagement of less than three years. c. The family backgrounds of the spouses were markedly different. d. The wife became pregnant within the first year of marriage. 4. TRUE or FALSE: T/F 1. A major function of the family is the “social placement” of children in the institutions of the larger society. T/F 2. The nuclear family one forms through marriage or cohabitation is one’s family of orientation. T/F 3. Sociologists have found that adolescents want the continuing guidance and involvement of adults. T/F 4. Marriages have a higher probability of lasting when there is equality of roles within the household.