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TIMELINE / Before 1800 to 1870 / MUSIC, LITERATURE, DANCE AND FASHION
Date
Country
Theme
1769 - 1785
Germany
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The era of Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress) in literature (i.e. the works of Goethe, Schiller,
Hölderlin and Herder) is characterised by lyricism, fantasy, freedom, juvenility and idealism, which is
felt most keenly in the dramatic writing of the period.
1786 - 1832
Germany
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The Classical era in literature (i.e. the work of Goethe, Schiller, Wieland and Herder) is characterised
by a will to preserve beauty, maintain goodness in order to gain harmony, and sees nature as an
entity. The centre for this movement in literature is the city of Weimar.
1786
United Kingdom
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Scotland’s most famous poet Robert Burns (b. Alloway, Scotland 1759; d. Dumfries, Scotland 1796)
is set to immigrate to the West Indies when a collection of his poems, chiefly in the Scottish dialect,
is published in the county town of Kilmarnock in 1786. The publication launches Burns’ career.
About 1790 - About 1850
France
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The Romantic movement develops at the beginning of the 19th century under the influence of writers
such as François-René de Chateaubriand. The movement, inspired by imagination, individualism, a
taste for the outrageous, and exoticism, is marked by the poetry of Alphonse de Lamartine and Victor
Hugo and then extends to the theatre with Hugo’s masterpiece Battle of Hernani, and then to
literature. Hugo was the uncontested leader of this literary movement. Music and dance were both
influenced by Romanticism; in choreography and in costume design (the tutu and points) the
feminine was accentuated.
Around 1800
Germany
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
"Disire for the orient" arises because of the breakovers around 1800, as the Enlightenment already
had changed peoples life to a more rationalistic way of thinking and the scientification of the public.
Also the sumless wars, especially the Napoleonic Wars, produced nostalgia and desire for the
distance, the unknown, the paradise... Authors and philosophers from the era of romanticism
bothered this topics (e.g. Friedrich Schlegel) and they tried to escape into something magical- the
orient seemed to be a imaginary world.
1795 - 1848
Germany
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The era of Romanticism or Blaue Blume in literature (i.e. the works of Tieck, von Kleist, Hebel,
Hoffmann, the Brothers Grimm and von Eichendorff) is characterised by the desire for far-away
places, and imbued with irony, passion, nocturnal mystery and mythical creatures.
1809
Italy
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837), philosopher, scholar and one of the greatest Italian poets of all
times, writes his first poem.
1810 - 1862
Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
One of the most prominent Macedonian poets, folklorists and educators, Dimitar Miladinov(1810–62)
is born in Struga. He spends most of his life teaching in the Ohrid region. His greatest achievement is
the collection of folk songs between 1854 and 1860.
1814
Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The first book in Macedonian, History of the Frightening and Second Communion of Jesus, written by
Joakim Krchovski (c.1750–1820) is published in Budim. Krchovski was a herald of the Macedonian
cultural revival and went on to publish more books on religious matters. In the early 19th century in
Macedonia only priests and other Christian dignitaries were educated enough to enlighten
Macedonian people through literature in their mother tongue.
1815 - 1848
Germany
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The Biedermeier era in literature (i.e. works by Mörike and von Droste-Hülshoff) is characterised by
melancholia, a desire to escape to an idyll and to recapture religion and the homeland.
1816
Italy
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Gioachino Rossini (1795–1868), the young director of the San Carlo Theatre of Naples, the most
important opera house at the time, puts on stage in Rome the Barber of Seville. The opera, thanks to
its easy and passionate pacing, sets a new benchmark for the light operatic style, namely, the opera
buffa (comic opera).
1816
Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The book titled Mirror by Kiril Pejchinovic (1771–1845) is published in Budim. This great Macedonian
educator was born in Tearce near Tetovo. The first books in Macedonian published in the early 19th
century were on religious subjects, which was understandable given that they were written by people
of the Church.
1820
France
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Les Méditations Poétiques by the Romantic poet Alphonse de Lamartine.
1820s
United Kingdom
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
British interest in classical Arabic culture including literature sometimes originates in India where the
first printed Arabic version of One Thousand and One Nights is published.
1825
Austria
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Johann Strauss creates his Wiener Walzer Kapelle, an orchestra specialising in the Viennese Waltz.
1825 - 1848
Germany
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
This era, one marked by the politician and statesman Klemens von Metternich, a supporter of
restoration politics and conditions prior to the French Revolution, is satirised by the Junges
Deutschland, a movement in literature (i.e. the works of Büchner, Heine and Grabbe) that is
characterised by a rejection of these beliefs in support of a free press and freedom of expression.
1825
Greece
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The poets Alexandros and Panayotis Soutsos compile their first works, and introduce European
Romanticism to a newly liberated Greece.
1825 - 1827
Italy
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Alessandro Manzoni (1785–1873) publishes I promessi sposi (The Betrothed), one of the most widely
read Italian novels. His use of the Italian language stands out as a model.
1827
Austria
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Franz Schubert composes his Winterreise.
1828
Greece
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The poem Hymn to Liberty by Dionysios Solomos becomes the Greek National Anthem with music
composed by Nikolaos Mantzaros.
1829
Italy
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Gioachino Rossini puts on stage in Paris his last opera, Guillaume Tell, featuring the fight of the Swiss
people for freedom from Habsburg domination. He wrote 39 operas, characterised by a style aiming
at pure musical beauty (bel canto). Great attention is paid to the sound of the voice and to technical
virtuosity, with little emphasis on the different dramatic situations and to the personality of the
different characters.
1830
France
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Battle of Hernani, a drama by Victor Hugo.
1831
France
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
George Sand (Amantine Aurore Dupin) writes Indiana, a novel about a woman’s emotional journey.
1831
Turkey
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
11 November: The first newspaper in Ottoman Turkish, Takvim-I Vekayi, published by the state.
1831 - 1835
Italy
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Once Rossini has left the stage, his place is taken by Gaetano Donizetti (1797–1848) and Vincenzo
Bellini (1801–1835). They introduce the new romantic spirit into melodrama and establish a tighter
link between words and music. Their style is characterised by greater attention to the psychology of
the different characters.
1832
France
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
La Sylphide is a Romantic ballet by Fillippo Taglioni in which his daughter, Marie, danced en pointe in
the title role.
1832
Spain
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Publication of Washington Irving's Tales of the Alhambra, a collection of essays, verbal sketches and
stories that Irving began to write while he was staying in the Alhambra in Granada. The book is
influenced by Romanticism and includes Spanish legends and traditions.
1833
Portugal
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The death of Luísa Todi (b. 1753), the most celebrated mezzo-soprano opera singer in Portugal. Luísa
began her musical career when she was 14 years old. She performed in major European cities and
was invited to perform in the courts of Catherine of Russia and Frederick William of Prussia.
1834
Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The birth in Ohrid of Kuzman Shapkarev (1834–1909), eminent Macedonian folklorist, ethnographer,
educator and author of textbooks. Owing to his collecting activities a great deal of Macedonian
intangible heritage was spared from oblivion. He was a teacher in Ohrid, Bitola, Prilep and Kukush.
Later he worked and lived in Sofia. Although his collections of oral folk literature were published as
Bulgarian, most of his works originated from Macedonia.
1835
France
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Le Père Goriot by Honoré de Balzac tells the tragic story of a father’s love for his two daughters.
1835
Spain
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The premiere of Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino by the Duke of Rivas marks the beginnings of
Spanish Romanticism in the theatre, especially tragedy, further developed in Don Juan Tenorio by
José Zorrilla. All the Romantic plays have elements from poetry and novels and some have a
historical background.
1840
Turkey
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
3 July: The first newspaper in Ottoman Turkish published by a private individual, Cerîde-I Havâdis
(Journal of News), begins to appear in İstanbul as a weekly, published by an English journalist,
William Churchill.
1840s
United Kingdom
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Western classical music penetrates the courtly circles of the Ottoman Empire. The imperial Ottoman
family includes composers, such as Sultan ‘Abd al-‘Aziz who composes dance music. On a visit to
London in 1867, the band of the Grenadier Guards plays one of the Sultan’s own compositions at a
reception for him.
1840
Romania
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Top hats begin to be worn in the United Principalities, where they were called joben, from the name
of Jobin, the French merchant who first sold them in Bucharest.
1841
France
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The leading roles in Giselle, a ballet by Adolphe Adam are played by Carlotta Grisi and Lucien Petipa.
1842
Austria
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The Wiener Philharmoniker is founded. It becomes one of the most famous orchestras in the world.
1842
Italy
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Triumph of Nabuccodonosor by Giuseppe Verdi (1831–1901) at La Scala Theatre (Milan): it marks
the appearance of a new operatic style, in which both voice and music show an entirely new heroic
passion and strength.
1846
France
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Premiere of the opera La damnation de Faust by Hector Berlioz.
1848
Romania
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The premiere at the National Theatre in Iaşi of the first Romanian operetta, Baba Hârca, with a script
by poet Matei Millo and music composed by Alexandru Flechtenmacher.
1848
Italy
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Donizetti dies and Verdi remains the only heir to the Italian melodrama, which is increasingly
identified with the Risorgimento movement, becoming a “sound track” of the Italian fight for
independence and unification.
1850s
United Kingdom
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The Crimean War brings thousands of British soldiers to Constantinople. After the war, certain
innovations can be traced back to it – such as beards! There is a craze for things all things Turkish;
the Turkish commander even becomes something of a folk hero in Britain.
1850 - 1870
Germany
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Surveillance, spying and so on, creates fear and leads to political persecution of musicians (e.g. both
Richard Wagner and Gottfried Semper are forced into exile). Music of this era falls under the label
“late Romanticism” (i.e. when emotional expression and freedom of style are enhanced), and new
genres are born; i.e. symphonic poetry (Franz List) and musical drama (Richard Wagner’s Tristan and
Isolde, 1865).
1850
Romania
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
January: the birth of Mihai Eminescu, who is considered to be the most important Romanian poet of
the 19th century.
1851 - 1853
Italy
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Verdi composes the so-called popular trilogy (Rigoletto, Il trovatore and La traviata), consolidating
his fame and reaching full musical and dramatical maturity.
1853
France
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Publication of Victor Hugo’s Les Châtiments.
1855
Turkey
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, historian, jurist and conservative Tanzimat reformer, completes the first
volumes of Târih-I Cevdet (History of Cevdet), which deals with Ottoman history, 1774–1826.
1857
France
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Publication of Gustave Flaubert’s novel Madame Bovary.
1859
Turkey
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
İbrahim Şinasi completes his stage comedy Şâir Evlenmesi (Marriage of a Poet), the first theatre play
written by an Ottoman Turkish author.
1860
Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Grigor Prlichev's epic poem "The Serdar", written in Greek, wins first prize at the annual poetry
competition held in Athens. Prlichev (1830–93) was born in Ohrid. This prolific Macedonian poet and
translator was a dedicated advocate of introducing the native spoken language in Macedonian
schools. He was referred to as a second Homer, having translated the "Iliad" into the Macedonian
language.
1860
Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The birth in Prilep of the first Macedonian composer Atanas Badev (d. 1908). He studied music in
Russia and was conductor of several school choirs and of the first city choir in Prilep.
1860 - 1870
Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Marko K. Cepenkov (1829–1920) was born in Prilep. Among the greatest collectors of Macedonian
oral folk literature, during the 1860s he was prolific in recording folklore creations. The importance of
his collecting activities lies not only in the volume but also in the diversity of folklore traditions
recorded, including proverbs, sayings, tales, songs, riddles, charms, beliefs, dreams and
interpretation, and children's games.
1860
Turkey
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
October: Journalists İbrahim Şinasi and Agah Efendi publish the first private Muslim newspaper
Tercümân-ı Ahvâl (Interpreter of Events).
1861
Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Collection of Macedonian poems compiled by the Miladinov brothers is published in Zagreb.
Konstantin Miladinov (1830–62), a prominent Macedonian poet, folklorist and educator is a major
contributor. Despite a reference to Bulgarian songs in the title, the folk literature recorded by the
Miladinovs originated mostly from the areas of Struga, Ohrid, Prilep, Kukush and Bitola.
1863
Romania
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The literary society Junimea, which had an important role in promoting Romanian literature, is
founded in Iaşi. In 1867 it begins publishing a periodical in which the works of Romanian writers
appear and also translations from worldwide literature.
1863
Portugal
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Publication of the novel Amor de Perdição (Fatal Love) by Camilo Castelo-Branco (1825–90). Written
very quickly, this romance has everything to be a major work of passion: tragic intensity, speed of
action, balance of characters and simplicity of style.
1863
Austria
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Bedrich Smetana's (1824–1884) opera Verkaufte Braut (The Bartered Bride) had its first performance
in Prague.
1865
Portugal
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Bom-senso e Bom-gosto (Good Sense and Good Taste) by Antero de Quental (1842–91) is an open
letter published as pamphlet, replying to and ridiculing the poetry of António Feliciano de Castilho
(1800–75) and urging young writers to take a revolutionary position instead. This controversy
became known as the "Questão Coimbrã” (the Coimbra Question).
1866
Greece
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The poet Kostis Palamas publishes his first collection of verse entitled the Songs of My Fatherland. A
major figure on the Greek literary scene, Palamas writes the Olympic Anthem and is nominated for
the Nobel Prize for Literature.
1866
Greece
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Emmanuel Roidis, one of Greece’s most influential authors, publishes his novel Pope Joan, which is
translated into a number of languages.
1867
Portugal
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Birth of the poet António Nobre (1867–1900). Só, written during his exile in Paris (1892), is the only
work published in his lifetime. The nostalgia of this work, a landmark of the symbolist movement, is
tempered by a certain self-irony, alternating a symbolist refined vocabulary with a more colloquial
one. He influenced the work of the main Portuguese modernists.
1867
France
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Premiere of the opera Roméo et Juliet by Charles-François Gounod.
1868
Romania
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
29 April: the Romanian Philharmonic Society is founded by conductor Eduard Wachmann with the aim
of organising a permanent symphony orchestra. The inaugural concert takes place in the same year
on 15 December.
1868
Spain
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The “Generation of ‘68” writers begin to publish after the 1868 revolution; the group is named by one
of its members, Leopoldo Alas, known as Clarín. Their characteristics are middle-class consciousness
and a realist style. Authors in this group include Pedro Antonio de Alarcón, José María Pereda, Benito
Pérez Galdós and Emilia Pardo Bazán.
1868
Portugal
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
The birth of José Viana da Motta (d. 1948). Pianist, composer, conductor and pedagogue, he studied
piano and composition in Berlin and performed in concerts around the world. He was professor of
Piano at the Conservatory of Geneva and Director of the Conservatório Nacional de Lisboa,
maintaining his concert career alongside teaching.
1868
Turkey
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
29 June: Namık Kemal and Ziya Paşa publish oppositional weekly newspaper in London, where they
had fled to.
1870
Turkey
Music, Literature, Dance And
Fashion
Ahmed Mithat Efendi (1844–1912), who introduced the novel from the Ottoman community begins to
publish Letaif-I Rivayat (Finest Stories), which includes long stories and novellas.