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EXCEPTIONS TO MENDEL’S PRINCIPLES A. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE – one allele is not completely dominant over the other and the heterozygous phenotype is somewhere between the two homozygous phenotypes. Example: Japanese four o’clock plants (use lower case letters: rr,ww,rw) Red (rr), white(ww), pink (rw) Problems: 1. Cross a red Japanese four o’clock plant with a white flowered one. 2. Cross a pink Japanese four o’clock plant with another pink one. B.CODOMINANCE - both alleles contribute to the phenotype (use capital letters) Examples: Andalusian fowl (chickens)- black feathers (BB), white feathers (WW), speckled (erminette) feathers (BW) and Cattle: red fur (RR), white(WW), roan(RW) Many human genes show codominance including one for a protein that controls cholesterol. People with the heterozygous form of the gene produce two different forms of the protein, each with a different effect on cholesterol levels. Problems: 1. Cross a black feather rooster with a white feathered hen. 2. Cross a erminette feathered rooster with a erminette feathered hen. 3. Cross a red haired bull with a white haired cow. 4. Cross a roan bull with a roan cow.