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Section 1: Arthropod Diversity
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Arthropods are the most diverse of all animals.
VOCABULARY
arthropod
chitin
exoskeleton
appendage
segmentation
MAIN IDEA: Arthropod features are highly adapted.
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. The three main features of an arthropod’s body are the ______________ made
of chitin; a series of paired, jointed _____________________, and segmented
_________ parts.
2. Chitin is a long organic molecule made of ______________. Chitin is
arranged in layers.
3. Circle the three reasons why jointed appendages are considered an important
adaptation during the evolution of arthropods.
a. They allow for growth.
b. They allow for movement.
c. They allow for segregation.
d. They are used for digestion.
e. They are used for sensing.
f. They are used to manipulate or chew food.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
1
[Chapter Title]
Section #: [Section Title]
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide A continued
4. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the description.
Group
Description
Example
Trilobites
• Marine arthropods that are now
extant / extinct
• Most were bottom / surface
feeders.
Trilobite
Crustaceans
• Found in oceans, in freshwater
streams, and on land
Lobsters, pill bugs,
barnacles
Chelicerates
• Have specialized daggerlike
mouthparts / segmentation used
to tear food
Horseshoe crabs, spiders,
mites, ticks
Insects
• Account for 80 percent of all
known animal / arthropod
species
• Most are terrestrial and have
six / eight legs.
Ants, moths, bees, flies
Myriapods
Centipedes, millipedes
• Long bodies with few / many
pairs of legs
• Live in dry / moist environments
MAIN IDEA: Arthropod exoskeletons serve a variety of functions.
5. Circle the three important body functions that are made difficult by the
presence of an exoskeleton.
a. feeding
b. moving
c. growing
d. reproducing
e. secreting enzymes
f. maintaining internal and external equilibrium
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
6. An arthropod’s cuticle cannot grow along with the animal. Therefore, an
arthropod sheds its exoskeleton in order to grow. This process is called
_________________.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
1
A Closer Look at Arthropods
Section 1: Arthropod Diversity
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide A continued
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentences describing the three
steps in the process to form a new exoskeleton.
7. i. The animal secretes a new layer of cuticle underneath / on top of its
existing exoskeleton.
ii. The animal secretes enzymes / sugars that begin to digest and weaken the
old cuticle, allowing the exoskeleton to dissolve / split open and the animal to
crawl out of it.
iii. The new exoskeleton is filled with air / fluid while it is still soft, making
the animal larger than it was before the molt.
Fill in the blank or circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
8. Arthropods and vertebrates have different circulatory systems. An arthropod
has a(n) open / closed circulatory system and a vertebrate has a(n) open /
closed circulatory system.
9. An arthropod senses its surrounding environment using two body parts:
________________________ and __________________________.
10. A mammal’s eye has only one lens, but an arthropod’s eye, which is called a
____________________ eye, has thousands of tiny individual lenses. Each
lens interprets only a small portion of the field of view.
MAIN IDEA: Arthropod diversity evolved over millions of years.
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
11. The two species that scientists think are the closest relatives to arthropods are
______________________ and ___________________________.
Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
12. A(n) _______________ is attached to or “hangs from” an organism’s body. It
comes from the Latin word appendere, which mean “to hang upon.”
13. What word within segmentation helps you remember it as something made of
separate parts? _____________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
2
A Closer Look at Arthropods
Section 1: Arthropod Diversity
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Section 2: Crustaceans
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Crustaceans are a diverse group of ancient arthropods.
VOCABULARY
crustacean
abdomen
cephalothorax
carapace
mandible
MAIN IDEA: Crustaceans evolved as marine arthropods.
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. The four main features of a crustacean’s body are (i) two distinct body
sections, (ii) a hard __________________, (iii) two pairs of
__________________, and (iv) one pair of appendages on each
________________.
Choose a word from the box below that best fits the following description.
abdomen
carapace
cephalothorax
__________________ 2. This body section is the region of an organism in which
the head and trunk region are combined into one long
section.
__________________ 3. This body section refers to the rear portion of the
organism.
__________________ 4. This shieldlike section of cuticle covers the sides of the
body and protects the gills.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
3
A Closer Look at Arthropods
Section 2: Crustaceans
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide A continued
MAIN IDEA: Crustacean appendages can take many forms.
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
5. A crustacean may use its claw to collect and manipulate food / tools, to club its
prey while courting / hunting, to attract females / prey, or to mark / block the
entrance to its shell.
6. A crustacean uses its antennae to eat / smell food, to locate / protect mates,
and to avoid / attract predators.
7. Mandibles are highly adapted appendages that a crustacean uses to crush and
bite / ingest and digest food.
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
8. A crustacean uses two body parts to move: ________________ and
____________________.
9. In the space below, draw a simple sketch of a crustacean and label the
following parts: abdomen, cephalothorax, swimmerets, walking legs, cheliped
(or claw), antennae, and carapace.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
4
A Closer Look at Arthropods
Section 2: Crustaceans
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide A continued
MAIN IDEA: There are many different types of crustaceans.
10. Place the letter for each into the appropriate box to complete the descriptions
of each crustacean group.
a. has a flattened body and seven pairs of legs.
b. has five pairs of jointed appendages (ten legs).
c. is a parasite that lives in the lungs and nasal passages of vertebrates.
d. is a sessile filter feeder wrapped in a calcified shell.
Group
Description
decapod
barnacle
isopod
tongue worm
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
11. Barnacles and tongue worms are crustaceans. The evidence used to determine
this was their larval stage. When newly hatched, they are molting / nauplius
larvae, which is a developmental stage common only to crustaceans /
arthropods.
Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
12. A _______________ is an appendage used by crustaceans to chew food before
ingestion. It comes from the Latin word mandere, which mean “to chew.”
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
5
A Closer Look at Arthropods
Section 2: Crustaceans
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Section 4: Insect Adaptations
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Insects show an amazing range of adaptations.
VOCABULARY
incomplete metamorphosis
complete metamorphosis
pupa
MAIN IDEA: Insects are the dominant terrestrial arthropods.
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. Insects are considered an incredible success story, because they have moved
into virtually every ecological _________________ and can be found in the
most extreme __________________________.
2. Draw a picture of an insect and label the following parts: head, thorax,
abdomen, legs, wings, antennae, and compound eyes.
MAIN IDEA: Insects undergo metamorphosis.
Circle the word that best completes the statement.
3. Incomplete metamorphosis is a pattern of development in which the insect
looks like a miniature adult / larva when it hatches. The immature insect,
called a nymph / pupa, gets larger with each molt and grows / sheds wings and
sexual organs during later molting stages.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
6
A Closer Look at Arthropods
Section 4: Insect Adaptations
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide A continued
4. Complete the following process diagram about the complete metamorphosis of
a butterfly by placing the letters for the following statements into the
appropriate box. Some boxes will have more than one letter.
a. is deposited on the underside of a leaf by a female butterfly
b. emerges from chrysalis after nine to fourteen days
c. hatches after about six days
d. is known as a caterpillar
e. molts its skin as it grows larger
f. spends most of its time feeding
g. transforms within a shell called a chrysalis
Egg
Larva
Adult
Pupa
MAIN IDEA: Insects have adapted to life on land.
For each type of insect, indicate whether it uses a proboscis or mandibles to eat.
_______________
5. butterfly
_______________
6. ant
_______________
7. beetle
_______________
8. moth
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
7
A Closer Look at Arthropods
Section 4: Insect Adaptations
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide A continued
Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
9. During a metamorphosis, an organism changes form as it develops from a
_________________ into an ___________________.
10. With __________________ metamorphosis, an insect’s form changes entirely
from a larva to an adult. With __________________ metamorphosis, the larva
is a miniature version of the adult and grows larger in size by molting.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
8
A Closer Look at Arthropods
Section 4: Insect Adaptations