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Formula/Review Sheet by Meisel PHY 2020 for MTE 3, v. 13 November 2006 v x t [average speed = (distance)/(time)] v x x x o t t a v t Velocity is a vector! Speed is the magnitude of the velocity vector. [instantaneous velocity = (change in distance)/(change in time)] [average acceleration = (change in velocity)/(time)] Acceleration is a vector! v a t [instantaneous acceleration = (change in velocity)/(change in time)] When given a graph of distance versus time, the slope is the velocity. When given a graph of velocity versus time, the slope is the acceleration. Workhorse Equations (for constant acceleration) g 9.8 (v v o ) a t v 2 v o2 a 2x x o v v x xo o t 2 x x o v o t at 2 2 m ft 32 2 2 s s Ax Bx C 0 2 F ma 1 v x v cos B B 2 4AC x 2A v y v sin v v 2x v 2y [Force = (mass)(acceleration)] Force is a vector! tan unit is N = Newton vy vx Frictional Force is opposite to direction of motion. In equilibrium, the sum of all forces acting on a body is zero. 1 Formula/Review Sheet by Meisel PHY 2020 for MTE 3, v. 13 November 2006 Projectile Motion x-direction y-direction ax 0 a y g v xo v o cos o v x v xo (constant!) v yo v o sin o v y v o sin o gt x x o (v o cos o )t y y o ( v o sin o ) t gt 2 1 2 Trajectory: y (tan o ) x Max. Height: h v o2 sin 2 0 2g Range: R v o2 sin 2 o g Eo Ef g x2 2 2v cos o Conservation of Energy 2 o (PE) o (KE) o W (PE) f (KE) f W Fd [Work = (Force) (distance)] (unit is J, Joule) Force and distance are vectors and their dot product gives the scalar Work. So, use only the component of the Force that is in the direction of the movement. W (F cos ) d KE(linear) = P W t 1 m v2 2 W KE (KE) f (KE) o [Power = (work)/(time)] Spring (with spring constant k): p mv F p t PE F kx PE or U (Potential Energy) of gravity: P F v (F cos ) v (unit is W, Watt) U mgh [momentum = (mass) (velocity)] 1 k x2 2 Momentum is a vector! [Force = (change in momentum)/(change in time)] (recall Force is a vector) “I or J” Impulse (if force applied in a short period of time): 2 IFt Formula/Review Sheet by Meisel PHY 2020 for MTE 3, v. 13 November 2006 G = 6.67 1011 N m2 kg2 NA = 6.022 1023 particles = 1 mole R = 8.314 J/(mole K) = 5.67 108 W m2 K4 1 bar = 1 105 Pa 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 1 cal = 4.186 J Conservation of Momentum: no external forces and no internal work done, then po pf . Totally Elastic Collision: KE conserved and Momentum conserved. 1 1 1 1 m1 v12o m 2 v 22 o m1 v12f m 2 v 22f 2 2 2 2 m1 v1o m 2 v 2o m1 v1f m 2 v 2f Totally Inelastic Collision (two bodies stick together): KE is NOT conserved ; Momentum is. m1 v1o m 2 v 2o (m1 m 2 ) V RECALL Linear vs. Rotational Motion! RECALL Conservation of Energy and Momentum contains Linear and Rotational parts! RECALL Bodies in Equilibrium have net Force of zero and net Torque of zero. m m 2 R Period (T) is a time: T Gravitational Force: F G 1 2 v R2 mi x i mi yi Center of Mass: M mi X Y mi mi m Density: Pressure is force per unit area. V 1 P gh v 2 const . Bernouilli: and A1v1 A 2 v 2 2 F f Archimedes: FB liquid Vdisplaced g Pascal: A a Ideal Gas Law: PV nRT Temperature Scales: °F = (9/5) °C + 32 °C = (5/9) [°F 32] °K= °C + 273 Heat Capacity/Specific Heat: Q C C = m c (here, c is “specific heat”) Q m c (Tf To ) T Recall: heat is needed at a phase transition! Latent Heat of Fusion (solid-liquid) or Latent Heat of Vaporization (Evaporation). The latent heats at these transitions are “normally” independent of direction of warming/cooling through the transition. Units of latent heat is cal/g or J/g. Q Q T kA (unit is J/s = W) Conduction: H (k = thermal conductivity). t t L Q Q h A (T) 5 / 4 A e T4 Convection: H Radiation: H t t (e is the emissivity, 0 e 1, higher for a dark, rough surfaces, good absorber is good emitter) ( is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant) Heat Flow: H A 2 A o T V 3 Vo T Vo T Thermal Expansion (): L L o T Apparent (liquid in a container): apparent liquid 3 container 3 Formula/Review Sheet by Meisel PHY 2020 for Mid-Term Exam 3, v. 14 November 2005 Linear Motion Rotational Motion Displacement x Velocity v Acceleration a Angular Displacement x t Angular Velocity t v t Angular Acceleration t Constant acceleration equations v vo at Constant angular acceleration equations o t 1 average o 2 1 o o t t 2 2 1 vo v 2 1 x x o vo t at 2 2 vaverage a v2 vo2 2x x o Mass m Momentum p mv Force F Power PFv Newton’s 2nd Law F ma Equilibrium Fnet 0 2 o2 2 o mi ri2 Moment of Inertia I Angular Momentum LI Torque F I Power P Newton’s 2nd Law Equilibrium I net 0 Rotational Kinetic Energy Con. of Linear Momentum 1 m v2 2 p i o p jf Con. of Angular Momentum 1 I 2 2 Li o L j f Work WFd Work W Kinetic Energy KE KE Conservation of Energy holds for both linear and rotational motion! Conservation of Energy holds for both linear and rotational motion! 4 Formula/Review Sheet by Meisel PHY 2020 for Mid-Term Exam 3, v. 14 November 2005 q q F k 1 2 where k = 9 109 (N m2)/C2 r2 Efficiency () is, in general, (benefit)/(cost). Carnot heat engine: and negative sign is “attractive” T ( work output ) 1 C (heat input ) TH Electron (negative) & Proton (positive) of the unit of charge 1.6 1019 C Carnot refrigerator: COP (coefficient of performance) COP = TC (heat output ) ( work input ) (TH TC ) Entropy (S): Electric Field (E): (total is sum of all fields, “lines” + to ) S 0. Frequency (f): f 2 f Potential (Point): Vp k 1 T (Volt): Angular frequency (): I E kx mv kA 2 v a k x m 2 k m Q t V=IR V2 PIVI R R L 1 R A A2 x 2 T 2 m k (for a g T 2 R’s in series: RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + … R’s in parallel: vf Standing Waves: (ends are fixed) n 2L n T Speed of sound in air at 1 bar: v 331 0.6 T (in m/s and T in C). I Io (where IO is 1 1012, i.e. “faintest” resolved sound). 2L n 4L Closed Pipe (n = 1,3,5,…): n n nv 2L nv fn 4L v vO f beat f1 f 2 Doppler shift: f O fS v vS Open Pipe (n = 1,2,3,…): n RT 1 R1 1 R2 1 R3 ... 8 Speed of a wave in a string with tension (T) and Sound level in dB: 10 log 1 The speed of light in vacuum: c 3 10 m/s. nv 2L (mass/length): v VAB VA VB 2 simple pendulum) fn q Potential Difference r W QV Spring Motion: Recall: F = m a = k x (negative sign means “restoring” force) 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 F q k q r2 E fn (along line O and S, sign: toward/away!) 5