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Hello ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM Introduction • All human blood may look alike but when it is tested using special agents, differences become apparent. ABO Genes 1 = A/A 1 = Homozygous A Phenotype A Genotype A/A Can Contribute Only an A Gene to Offspring 2 = A/O 2 = Heterozygous A Phenotype A Genotype A/0 Can Contribute A or O Gene to Offspring White O+ OA+ AB+ BAB + AB - 37% 8% 33% 7% 9% 2% 3% 1% African American 47% 4% 24% 2% 18% 1% 4% 0.3% Hispanic 53% 4% 29% 2% 9% 1% 2% 0.2% Asian 39% 1% 27% 0.5% 25% 0.4% 7% 0.1% ABO phenotypes and genotypes 1. Group A phenotype = A/A or A/O genotype 2. Group B phenotype = B/B or B/O genotype 3. Group O phenotype = O/O genotype 4. Group AB phenotype = A/B genotype Blood Type Inheritance Parent 1 AB AB AB AB B A A O O O Parent 2 AB Possible blood type of child B A O O B B A B A O + + + + + A + + + + B + + + + AB + + + + + + + + + + + BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE ABO SYSTEM Production H Antigens Production A Antigens Production B Antigens Indications for ABO grouping • • • • • • Blood Donors Transfusion recipients Transplant Candidates and Donors Prenatal Patients Newborns Paternity testing BLOOD GROUP ANTIGEN ANTIBODY A A anti-B B B anti-A AB A and B neither O neither A norB anti-A,B Landsteiner's rules for the ABO Blood Group • • • A person does not have antibody to his own antigens Each person has antibody to the antigen he lacks (only in the ABO system) Below are the four blood groups and the antigens and the expected, naturallyoccurring antibodies present. ABO Typing Routine ABO Typing Reaction of Cells Tested With Red Cell ABO Group Anti-A Anti-B Reaction of Serum Tested Against Reverse ABO Group A cells B Cells 0 0 O + + O + 0 A 0 + A 0 + B + 0 B + + AB 0 0 AB Discrepancies in ABO typing • • • Results of forward and reverse typing must agree before reporting out blood type as seen in the about table. If forward and reverse do not agree, must identify cause of discrepancy. If cannot resolve discrepancy, must report out blood type as UNKNOWN and give group O blood