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Part Three-infectious diseases.doc (123 KB) Pobierz Part Three – infectious animal diseases 1.      Feline hempotropic mycoplasmosis ☺ 2.      Canine influenza ☺ 3.      Anthrax ☺ 4.      Kennel cough ☺ 5.      Rabies ☺ 6.      Extra Practice – taking about the origin and development  Part Three – infectious diseases  3.1. FELINE HEMOTROPIC MYCOPLASMOSIS (INFECTIOUS ANEMIA)  The agent of what has traditionally been called feline infectious anemia is an organism called until recently Hemobartonella felis. Hemobartonella is a type of bacterial “parasite†that infects red blood cells to live and reproduce. It was first discovered in Africa in 1942. For many years, this parasite was thought to be a rickettsial organism, but scientists have recently discovered that Hemobartonella is actually a mycoplasma bacterium. This organism is called Mycoplasma hemofelis, formerly known as Hemobartonella felis.  Mycoplasma organisms lack cell walls and depend on the host – in this case, a cat – to survive and reproduce. Once the cat’s immune system finds this foreign invader, destruction of infected red blood cells begins, and anemia results. Coated red blood cells are removed from the circulation by the spleen, which contains tortuous blood vessels lined with specific cells that process old red blood cells. Red blood cells marked for removal are destroyed here, which of course kills the mycoplasma organism. The problem is that if many red blood cells are parasitized, then so many red blood cells are destroyed that the cat becomes anemic.  Transmission It is not definitely known how Hemobartonella is spread from cat to cat, but blood-sucking insects (fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, etc.) are thought to be the main route of transmission. Blood transfusions and cat fight wounds are other possible routes. Infected mother cats appear to be able to infect their kittens although it is not entirely clear how this is done (prenatally, through milk or by oral contact). The cats at highest risk are those which roam outside in the spring and summer (obviously these cats have the highest risk for flea infestation). Cats that are statistically likely to be infected are male cats younger than 4 to 6 years, have a history of cat fights, and incomplete vaccination histories.  Clinical signs Signs seen in cats with Hemobartonella are related to anemia: * pale mucous membranes (gums) * weakness/lethargy * depression * weight loss * loss of appetite * some show jaundice (yellowing of gums, eyes) * some have increased respiratory rates. When a cat is newly infected, it can take up to one month before there are enough parasites to actually make the cat sick. Mortality is the highest during the month following this initial stage. If the cat recovers, it becomes a permanent carrier although stress can re-activate the infection.  Diagnosis Diagnosis is made by examining red blood cells under a microscope and finding small dots on the cells. Diagnosis can be difficult because counts of Hemobartonella organisms can fluctuate greatly and thus may be difficult to spot on a single smear. In fact, the number of infected cells can change from 90% to 1% in a matter of 3 hours. This makes it easy to miss infected cells, even in a grossly infected cats.  Treatment Any underlying diseases or stresses must also be addressed, since Hemobartonella can be an opportunistic disease, affecting weakened animals. Antibiotics in the tetracycline family are the treatment of choice for Hemobartonella. In cats, the derivative doxycycline tends to be most easily dosed as it comes in an oral suspension. The quinolone class of antibiotics (enrofloxacin, etc.) is also effective against hemotropic mycoplasmosis. Three weeks of medication is needed to adequately suppress the organism. Additionally, prednisone may be used to quell the immune system’s destruction of red blood cells. In some cats, blood transfusions may be necessary. Happily, prognosis is fair if the diagnosis is made in time as cats generally respond well to treatment. (585 words)  Adapted from: veterinary.partner.com and vetmedicine.about.com  (i) Find answers to these questions in the article above: 1.      In what sense is Hemobartonella felis a parasitic bacterium? 2.      Why was the name of this organism changed? 3.      How does Hemobartonella cause anemia? 4.      What different transmission routes are implied? 5.      Why do young, male cats seem to be at higher risk of contracting feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis? 6.      Which of these is NOT a symptom of feline anemia: paleness, weakness, restlessness, weight loss, lack of appetite? 7.      How can a cat become a permanent carrier of Hemobartonella? 8.      What makes microscopic detection of Hemobartonella cells difficult? 9.      Which antibiotics are usually prescribed to an infected cat? 10.  What other medications or medical procedures may be necessary?  (ii) Translate into English 1.      Mycoplasma haemofelis jest to drobnoustrój z rodziny mykoplazm. 2.      Mycoplasma haemofelis atakuje krwinki czerwone kotów i psów. 3.      Hemobartolenoza kotów jest czÄ™sto nazywana zakaźnÄ… anemiÄ… kotów. 4.      Hemobartolenoza u kotów jest przenoszona przez kleszcze i pchÅ‚y. 5.      Możliwe jest też przenoszenie tej choroby z krwiÄ… w czasie kocich walk lub transfuzji. 6.      Zakażenie bakteriÄ… Mycoplasma haemofelis powoduje anemiÄ™, wywoÅ‚anÄ… przez immunologiczny rozpad krwinek. 7.      WÅ›ród klinicznych objawów hemobartolenozy sÄ… osÅ‚abienie, depresja, blade lub zażółcone bÅ‚ony Å›luzowe, wychudzenie i czasem gorÄ…czka. 8.      PodstawÄ… rozpoznania hemobartolenozy jest stwierdzenie drobnoustrojów Mycoplasma haemofelis na powierzchni ertytrocytów w czasie oglÄ…dania rozmazu krwi. 9.      Leczenie choroby polega na podawaniu przez co najmniej trzy tygodnie doksycykliny lub antybiotyku z grupy tetracyklin. 10.  Rokowanie u kotów, u których zastosowano odpowiednie leczenie jest dobre.  (iii) How do you say this in English: 1.      an organism (e.g. a bacterium) which causes an illness?  a _ _ _ t 2.      an organism that lives at the expense of another organism? _ _ _ _ s _ _ e 3.      the body’s system that is responsible for its resistance to diseases? the   _ m m _ _ _  system 4.      an annoying, flying, blood-sucking insect?  _ _ _ q _ _ _ _ 5.      a case of being invaded by pest insects or rats?  i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ n 6.      a word (adjective) referring to breathing?  _ _ _ p _ _ _ t _ _ _ 7.      death rate? m _ _ _ _ l _ _ _ 8.      recognition of an illness?  _ _ _ g _ _ _ _ s 9.      a course of curing an ill animal? t _ _ _ _ m _ _ _ 10.  chances for recovery?   _ r _ _ _ _ s _ s  (iv) Put the bits of information given in each point into single, complex phrases: 1. Feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis is caused by a mycoplasma bacterium. It is called Mycoplasma haemofelis. Before, it was known as Haemobartonella felis. 2. The cat’s immune system recognized the parasitic organism. It coats the infected red blood cells. The marked cells are destroyed in the spleen. 3. Many red blood cells are infected by Mycoplasma haemofelis. Many red blood cells are destroyed. The cat becomes anemic. 4. Counts of Hemobartonella organisms change very rapidly. Diagnosis of feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis is difficult. A badly infected cat might not be diagnosed properly. 5. Feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis is an opportunistic disease. It often attacks weakened animals. Other diseases or stresses should be diagnosed and treated.  3.2. CANINE INFLUENZA  (1) Dog flu is a contagious respiratory disease in dogs caused by a specific Type A influenza virus referred to as a “canine influenza virusâ€. This is a disease of dogs, not of humans. (2) The “canine influenza virus†is an animal A H3N8 influenza virus (not of human influenza virus) that was originally an equine (horse) influenza virus. This virus has spread to dogs and can now spread between dogs. (3) The H3N8 equine influenza virus has been known to exist in horses for more than 40 years. In 2004, however, cases of an unknown respiratory illness in dogs (mainly greyhounds) were reported. An investigation showed that this respiratory illness was caused by the equine influenza A H3N8 virus. Scientists believe that this virus jumped species (from horses to dogs) and has now adapted to cause illness in dogs and spread efficiently among dogs. This is now considered a new dog-specific lineage of H3N8. In September of 2005, this virus was identified by experts as “a newly emerging pathogen in the dog population†in the United States. (4) The symptoms of this illness in dogs are cough, runny nose and fever, however, a small proportion of dogs can develop severe disease. (5) The number of dogs infected with this disease that die is very small. Some dogs have asymptomatic infections (no symptoms), while some have severe infections. Severe illness is characterized by the onset of pneumonia. Although this is a relatively new cause of disease in dogs and nearly all dogs are susceptible to infection, about 80 percent of dogs will have a mild form of disease. (6) Canine influenza virus can spread by direct contact with respiratory secretions from infected dogs, by contact with contaminated objects, and by people moving between infected and uninfected dogs. Therefore, dog owners whose dogs are coughing or showing other signs of respiratory disease should not participate in activities or bring their dogs to facilities where other dogs can be exposed to the virus. Clothing, equipment, surfaces and hands should be cleaned and disinfected after exposure to dogs showing signs of respiratory disease. (7) Testing to confirm canine influenza virus infection are available at veterinary diagnostic centers. The tests can be performed using respiratory secretions collected at the time of disease onset or using two blood samples: the first collected while the animal is sick and the second – 2 to 3 weeks later. (8) Treatment largely consists of supportive care. This helps the dog mount an immune response. In the milder form of the disease, this care may include medication to make your dog more comfortable and fluids to ensure that your dog remains well-hydrated. Broad spectrum antibiotics may be prescribed if a secondary bacterial infection is suspected. There is also an approved vaccine available now to prevent the disease. (9) To date, there is no evidence of transmission of canine influenza virus from dogs to people and there has not been a single reported case of human infection with the canine influenza virus. While this virus infects dogs and spreads between dogs, there is no evidence that this virus infects humans. However, human infections with this new influenza virus (against which the human population has little immunity) would be concerning if they occurred. Influenza viruses are constantly changing and it is possible for a virus to change so that it could infect humans and spread easily between humans. Such a virus could represent a pandemic influenza threat. For this reason, the H3N8 influenza virus (as well as other animal influenza viruses) are being monitored along with instances of possible human exposure to these viruses very closely. As mentioned earlier, while these viruses are well established in horse and dog populations, there is no evidence of infection among humans with this virus. (10). Schedule an appointment with your veterinarian as that they can evaluate your dog and recommend an appropriate course of treatment. (630 words)  Adapted from: vetmedicine.about.com; wp.pl (i) Match the lettered questions with the numbered paragraphs in the above article: a.      How does dog flu spread? b.      How is canine influenza treated? c.      How long has canine influenza been around? d.      How serious is this infection in dogs? e.      Is there a test for canine influenza? f.       My dog has a cough. What should I do? g.      What are the symptoms of this infection in dogs? h.      What is a canine influenza virus? i.       What is canine influenza (dog flue)? j.       What is the risk to humans from this virus?  (ii) Re-read the article and correct the wrong information in the sentences below: 1.      People catch dog flu from their pet dogs. 2.      The A H3N8 influenza virus has jumped from dogs to horses. 3.      Canine influenza was first diagnosed in dogs over 40 years ago. 4.      Canine influenza is a severe disease to most dogs. 5.      Most dogs are resistant to the H3N8 virus. 6.      Dogs can become infected only by direct contact with ill animals. 7.      Both respiratory secretions and blood must be tested to detect the virus. 8.      Mild cases of dog flu require administration of antibiotics. 9.      There have been documented cases of dog flu among humans. 10.  Since animal influenza viruses pose a low threat to people, they are not being constantly monitored.  (iii)            How do you say this in English: 1.      ____________________ - choroba zakaźna 2.      ____________________ - choroba ukÅ‚adu oddechowego 3.      ____________________ - przypadki zachorowania 4.      ____________________ - katar 5.      ____________________ - poczÄ…tek zapalenia pÅ‚uc 6.      ____________________ - podatny na zakażenie 7.      ____________________ - wydzieliny z ukÅ‚adu oddechowego 8.      ____________________ - skażony 9.      ____________________ - odkażony, zdezynfekowany 10.  ____________________ - leczenie wspomagajÄ…ce 11.  ____________________ - wtórne zakażenie bakteryjne 12.  ____________________ - stwarzać zagrożenie 13.  ____________________ - wyznaczyć wizytÄ™ 14.  ____________________ - przebieg leczenia.  (iv)             PrzetÅ‚umacz na jÄ™zyk angielski  Od kilku lat psy zapadajÄ… na grypÄ™, którÄ… zarażajÄ… siÄ™ od koni. W październiku 2005 roku, w tygodniku ‘Science†ukazaÅ‚ siÄ™ artykuÅ‚ informujÄ…cy o badaniach wirusa grypy, który zdoÅ‚aÅ‚ w caÅ‚oÅ›ci ‘przeskoczyć’ z konia na psy. Psy zainfekowane tym wirusem miaÅ‚y ostre objawy typowe dla tej choroby.  Na razie nie odnotowano przypadków przejÅ›cia tego wirusa na czÅ‚owieka. Wprawdzie istnieje ryzyko, że pies bÄ™dzie źródÅ‚em nowych wirusów grypy dla ludzi, zwÅ‚aszcza że jest to najczÄ™stszy zwierzÄ™cy towarzysz czÅ‚owieka, ale wirus psiej grypy znacznie różni siÄ™ genetycznie od wirusa ptasiej grypy.  ZagadkÄ™, w jaki sposób udaÅ‚o siÄ™ wirusowi H3N8 dostosować do organizmu nowego gospodarza rozwiÄ…zali polscy naukowcy – Marcin von Grotthuss i Leszek Rychlewski, którzy porównali sekwencjÄ™ obu wirusów, psiego i koÅ„skiego, za pomocÄ… programów komputerowych. Wykryli w ten sposób nowÄ…, bardzo ważnÄ… mutacjÄ™ w genomie wirusa, która prawdopodobnie umożliwiÅ‚a mu zamaskowanie siÄ™ przed ukÅ‚adem odpornoÅ›ciowym psa i skutecznÄ… inwazjÄ™ w jego organizmie.  Wykrycie nowej mutacji pozwala zrozumieć, w jaki sposób dochodzi do przenoszenia siÄ™ wirusów miÄ™dzy gatunkami. Może też być pomocne w opracowaniu szczepionki przeciw wirusowi psiej grypy.  (wiadomosci.wp.pl on 4 March 2006)  (v)               Discuss the questions: 1.      In May 2009, the first dog flu vaccination was approved in the USA. Which groups of dogs are at risk and should be vaccinated? 2.      The clinical symptoms of canine influenza are sneezing, coughing and nasal discharge, which are identical for other respiratory infections. How can dog flu be diagnosed then? 3.... Plik z chomika: MurderousTrooper Inne pliki z tego folderu: Glossary A-Z.docx (36 KB) Glossary.doc (117 KB) Part Five -caring for animals.doc (114 KB) Part One-an Animal.doc (152 KB) Part Six.doc (59 KB) Inne foldery tego chomika: Anatomia topograficzna Chów i hodowla zwierzÄ…t Fizjologia ZgÅ‚oÅ› jeÅ›li naruszono regulamin Strona główna AktualnoÅ›ci Kontakt Dla Mediów DziaÅ‚ Pomocy Opinie Program partnerski Regulamin serwisu Polityka prywatnoÅ›ci Ochrona praw autorskich Platforma wydawców Copyright © 2012 Chomikuj.pl Immunologia Mikrobiologia