Download Part Three-infectious diseases - Język angielski

Part Three-infectious diseases.doc
(123 KB) Pobierz
Part Three – infectious animal diseases
1.      Feline hempotropic mycoplasmosis ☺
2.      Canine influenza ☺
3.      Anthrax ☺
4.      Kennel cough ☺
5.      Rabies ☺
6.      Extra Practice – taking about the origin and development
Â
Part Three – infectious diseases
Â
3.1. FELINE HEMOTROPIC MYCOPLASMOSIS (INFECTIOUS ANEMIA)
Â
The agent of what has traditionally been called feline infectious anemia is an organism called until recently
Hemobartonella felis. Hemobartonella is a type of bacterial “parasite” that infects red blood cells to live
and reproduce. It was first discovered in Africa in 1942. For many years, this parasite was thought to be a
rickettsial organism, but scientists have recently discovered that Hemobartonella is actually a mycoplasma
bacterium. This organism is called Mycoplasma hemofelis, formerly known as Hemobartonella felis.
Â
Mycoplasma organisms lack cell walls and depend on the host – in this case, a cat – to survive and
reproduce. Once the cat’s immune system finds this foreign invader, destruction of infected red blood cells
begins, and anemia results. Coated red blood cells are removed from the circulation by the spleen, which
contains tortuous blood vessels lined with specific cells that process old red blood cells. Red blood cells marked
for removal are destroyed here, which of course kills the mycoplasma organism. The problem is that if many
red blood cells are parasitized, then so many red blood cells are destroyed that the cat becomes anemic.
Â
Transmission
It is not definitely known how Hemobartonella is spread from cat to cat, but blood-sucking insects (fleas, ticks,
mosquitoes, etc.) are thought to be the main route of transmission. Blood transfusions and cat fight wounds are
other possible routes. Infected mother cats appear to be able to infect their kittens although it is not entirely
clear how this is done (prenatally, through milk or by oral contact). The cats at highest risk are those which
roam outside in the spring and summer (obviously these cats have the highest risk for flea infestation). Cats
that are statistically likely to be infected are male cats younger than 4 to 6 years, have a history of cat fights,
and incomplete vaccination histories.
Â
Clinical signs
Signs seen in cats with Hemobartonella are related to anemia:
* pale mucous membranes (gums)
* weakness/lethargy
* depression
* weight loss
* loss of appetite
* some show jaundice (yellowing of gums, eyes)
* some have increased respiratory rates.
When a cat is newly infected, it can take up to one month before there are enough parasites to actually make
the cat sick. Mortality is the highest during the month following this initial stage. If the cat recovers, it becomes
a permanent carrier although stress can re-activate the infection.
Â
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made by examining red blood cells under a microscope and finding small dots on the cells.
Diagnosis can be difficult because counts of Hemobartonella organisms can fluctuate greatly and thus may be
difficult to spot on a single smear. In fact, the number of infected cells can change from 90% to 1% in a matter
of 3 hours. This makes it easy to miss infected cells, even in a grossly infected cats.
Â
Treatment
Any underlying diseases or stresses must also be addressed, since Hemobartonella can be an opportunistic
disease, affecting weakened animals. Antibiotics in the tetracycline family are the treatment of choice for
Hemobartonella. In cats, the derivative doxycycline tends to be most easily dosed as it comes in an oral
suspension. The quinolone class of antibiotics (enrofloxacin, etc.) is also effective against hemotropic
mycoplasmosis. Three weeks of medication is needed to adequately suppress the organism. Additionally,
prednisone may be used to quell the immune system’s destruction of red blood cells. In some cats, blood
transfusions may be necessary. Happily, prognosis is fair if the diagnosis is made in time as cats generally
respond well to treatment. (585 words)
Â
Adapted from: veterinary.partner.com and vetmedicine.about.com
Â
(i) Find answers to these questions in the article above:
1.      In what sense is Hemobartonella felis a parasitic bacterium?
2.      Why was the name of this organism changed?
3.      How does Hemobartonella cause anemia?
4.      What different transmission routes are implied?
5.      Why do young, male cats seem to be at higher risk of contracting feline hemotropic
mycoplasmosis?
6.      Which of these is NOT a symptom of feline anemia: paleness, weakness, restlessness,
weight loss, lack of appetite?
7.      How can a cat become a permanent carrier of Hemobartonella?
8.      What makes microscopic detection of Hemobartonella cells difficult?
9.      Which antibiotics are usually prescribed to an infected cat?
10.  What other medications or medical procedures may be necessary?
Â
(ii) Translate into English
1.      Mycoplasma haemofelis jest to drobnoustrój z rodziny mykoplazm.
2.      Mycoplasma haemofelis atakuje krwinki czerwone kotów i psów.
3.      Hemobartolenoza kotów jest często nazywana zakaźną anemią kotów.
4.      Hemobartolenoza u kotów jest przenoszona przez kleszcze i pchły.
5.      Możliwe jest też przenoszenie tej choroby z krwią w czasie kocich walk lub
transfuzji.
6.      Zakażenie bakterią Mycoplasma haemofelis powoduje anemię, wywołaną
przez immunologiczny rozpad krwinek.
7.      Wśród klinicznych objawów hemobartolenozy są osłabienie, depresja, blade lub
zażółcone błony śluzowe, wychudzenie i czasem gorączka.
8.      Podstawą rozpoznania hemobartolenozy jest stwierdzenie drobnoustrojów Mycoplasma
haemofelis na powierzchni ertytrocytów w czasie oglądania rozmazu krwi.
9.      Leczenie choroby polega na podawaniu przez co najmniej trzy tygodnie doksycykliny lub
antybiotyku z grupy tetracyklin.
10.  Rokowanie u kotów, u których zastosowano odpowiednie leczenie jest dobre.
Â
(iii) How do you say this in English:
1.      an organism (e.g. a bacterium) which causes an illness?  a _ _ _ t
2.      an organism that lives at the expense of another organism? _ _ _ _ s _ _ e
3.      the body’s system that is responsible for its resistance to
diseases? the   _ m m _ _ _  system
4.      an annoying, flying, blood-sucking insect?  _ _ _ q _ _ _ _
5.      a case of being invaded by pest insects or rats?  i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ n
6.      a word (adjective) referring to breathing?  _ _ _ p _ _ _ t _ _ _
7.      death rate? m _ _ _ _ l _ _ _
8.      recognition of an illness?  _ _ _ g _ _ _ _ s
9.      a course of curing an ill animal? t _ _ _ _ m _ _ _
10.  chances for recovery?   _ r _ _ _ _ s _ s
Â
(iv) Put the bits of information given in each point into single, complex phrases:
1. Feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis is caused by a mycoplasma bacterium. It is called Mycoplasma
haemofelis. Before, it was known as Haemobartonella felis.
2. The cat’s immune system recognized the parasitic organism. It coats the infected red blood cells. The
marked cells are destroyed in the spleen.
3. Many red blood cells are infected by Mycoplasma haemofelis. Many red blood cells are destroyed. The cat
becomes anemic.
4. Counts of Hemobartonella organisms change very rapidly. Diagnosis of feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis
is difficult. A badly infected cat might not be diagnosed properly.
5. Feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis is an opportunistic disease. It often attacks weakened animals. Other
diseases or stresses should be diagnosed and treated.
Â
3.2. CANINE INFLUENZA
Â
(1) Dog flu is a contagious respiratory disease in dogs caused by a specific Type A influenza virus referred to
as a “canine influenza virus”. This is a disease of dogs, not of humans.
(2) The “canine influenza virus” is an animal A H3N8 influenza virus (not of human influenza virus) that
was originally an equine (horse) influenza virus. This virus has spread to dogs and can now spread between
dogs.
(3) The H3N8 equine influenza virus has been known to exist in horses for more than 40 years. In 2004,
however, cases of an unknown respiratory illness in dogs (mainly greyhounds) were reported. An investigation
showed that this respiratory illness was caused by the equine influenza AÂ H3N8 virus. Scientists believe that
this virus jumped species (from horses to dogs) and has now adapted to cause illness in dogs and spread
efficiently among dogs. This is now considered a new dog-specific lineage of H3N8. In September of 2005,
this virus was identified by experts as “a newly emerging pathogen in the dog population” in the United
States.
(4) The symptoms of this illness in dogs are cough, runny nose and fever, however, a small proportion of dogs
can develop severe disease.
(5) The number of dogs infected with this disease that die is very small. Some dogs have asymptomatic
infections (no symptoms), while some have severe infections. Severe illness is characterized by the onset of
pneumonia. Although this is a relatively new cause of disease in dogs and nearly all dogs are susceptible to
infection, about 80 percent of dogs will have a mild form of disease.
(6) Canine influenza virus can spread by direct contact with respiratory secretions from infected dogs, by
contact with contaminated objects, and by people moving between infected and uninfected dogs. Therefore,
dog owners whose dogs are coughing or showing other signs of respiratory disease should not participate in
activities or bring their dogs to facilities where other dogs can be exposed to the virus. Clothing, equipment,
surfaces and hands should be cleaned and disinfected after exposure to dogs showing signs of respiratory
disease.
(7) Testing to confirm canine influenza virus infection are available at veterinary diagnostic centers. The tests
can be performed using respiratory secretions collected at the time of disease onset or using two blood samples:
the first collected while the animal is sick and the second – 2 to 3 weeks later.Â
(8) Treatment largely consists of supportive care. This helps the dog mount an immune response. In the milder
form of the disease, this care may include medication to make your dog more comfortable and fluids to ensure
that your dog remains well-hydrated. Broad spectrum antibiotics may be prescribed if a secondary bacterial
infection is suspected. There is also an approved vaccine available now to prevent the disease.
(9) To date, there is no evidence of transmission of canine influenza virus from dogs to people and there has
not been a single reported case of human infection with the canine influenza virus. While this virus infects dogs
and spreads between dogs, there is no evidence that this virus infects humans. However, human infections with
this new influenza virus (against which the human population has little immunity) would be concerning if they
occurred. Influenza viruses are constantly changing and it is possible for a virus to change so that it could infect
humans and spread easily between humans. Such a virus could represent a pandemic influenza threat. For this
reason, the H3N8 influenza virus (as well as other animal influenza viruses) are being monitored along with
instances of possible human exposure to these viruses very closely. As mentioned earlier, while these viruses
are well established in horse and dog populations, there is no evidence of infection among humans with this
virus.
(10). Schedule an appointment with your veterinarian as that they can evaluate your dog and recommend an
appropriate course of treatment. (630 words)
Â
Adapted from: vetmedicine.about.com; wp.pl
(i) Match the lettered questions with the numbered paragraphs in the above article:
a.      How does dog flu spread?
b.      How is canine influenza treated?
c.      How long has canine influenza been around?
d.      How serious is this infection in dogs?
e.      Is there a test for canine influenza?
f.       My dog has a cough. What should I do?
g.      What are the symptoms of this infection in dogs?
h.      What is a canine influenza virus?
i.       What is canine influenza (dog flue)?
j.       What is the risk to humans from this virus?
Â
(ii) Re-read the article and correct the wrong information in the sentences below:
1.      People catch dog flu from their pet dogs.
2.      The A H3N8 influenza virus has jumped from dogs to horses.
3.      Canine influenza was first diagnosed in dogs over 40 years ago.
4.      Canine influenza is a severe disease to most dogs.
5.      Most dogs are resistant to the H3N8 virus.
6.      Dogs can become infected only by direct contact with ill animals.
7.      Both respiratory secretions and blood must be tested to detect the virus.
8.      Mild cases of dog flu require administration of antibiotics.
9.      There have been documented cases of dog flu among humans.
10.  Since animal influenza viruses pose a low threat to people, they are not being constantly
monitored.
Â
(iii)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â How do you say this in English:Â
1.      ____________________ - choroba zakaźna
2.      ____________________ - choroba układu oddechowego
3.      ____________________ - przypadki zachorowania
4.      ____________________ - katar
5.      ____________________ - początek zapalenia płuc
6.      ____________________ - podatny na zakażenie
7.      ____________________ - wydzieliny z układu oddechowego
8.      ____________________ - skażony
9.      ____________________ - odkażony, zdezynfekowany
10.  ____________________ - leczenie wspomagające
11.  ____________________ - wtórne zakażenie bakteryjne
12.  ____________________ - stwarzać zagrożenie
13.  ____________________ - wyznaczyć wizytę
14.  ____________________ - przebieg leczenia.
Â
(iv)             Przetłumacz na język angielski
Â
Od kilku lat psy zapadają na grypę, którą zarażają się od koni. W październiku 2005
roku, w tygodniku ‘Science” ukazał się artykuł informujący o badaniach wirusa grypy,
który zdołał w całości ‘przeskoczyć’ z konia na psy. Psy zainfekowane tym wirusem
miały ostre objawy typowe dla tej choroby.
Â
Na razie nie odnotowano przypadków przejścia tego wirusa na człowieka. Wprawdzie istnieje ryzyko,
że pies będzie źródłem nowych wirusów grypy dla ludzi, zwłaszcza że jest to
najczęstszy zwierzęcy towarzysz człowieka, ale wirus psiej grypy znacznie różni się
genetycznie od wirusa ptasiej grypy.
Â
Zagadkę, w jaki sposób udało się wirusowi H3N8 dostosować do organizmu nowego
gospodarza rozwiązali polscy naukowcy – Marcin von Grotthuss i Leszek Rychlewski, którzy
porównali sekwencję obu wirusów, psiego i końskiego, za pomocą programów
komputerowych. Wykryli w ten sposób nową, bardzo ważną mutację w genomie wirusa,
która prawdopodobnie umożliwiła mu zamaskowanie się przed układem odpornościowym psa
i skutecznÄ… inwazjÄ™ w jego organizmie.
Â
Wykrycie nowej mutacji pozwala zrozumieć, w jaki sposób dochodzi do przenoszenia się wirusów
między gatunkami. Może też być pomocne w opracowaniu szczepionki przeciw wirusowi psiej
grypy.
Â
(wiadomosci.wp.pl on 4 March 2006)
Â
(v)               Discuss the questions:Â
1.      In May 2009, the first dog flu vaccination was approved in the USA. Which groups of dogs
are at risk and should be vaccinated?
2.      The clinical symptoms of canine influenza are sneezing, coughing and nasal discharge, which
are identical for other respiratory infections. How can dog flu be diagnosed then?
3....
Plik z chomika:
MurderousTrooper
Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Glossary A-Z.docx (36 KB)
Glossary.doc (117 KB)
Part Five -caring for animals.doc (114 KB)
 Part One-an Animal.doc (152 KB)
 Part Six.doc (59 KB)


Inne foldery tego chomika:


Anatomia topograficzna
Chów i hodowla zwierząt
 Fizjologia


Zgłoś jeśli naruszono regulamin







Strona główna
Aktualności
Kontakt
Dla Mediów
Dział Pomocy
Opinie
Program partnerski




Regulamin serwisu
Polityka prywatności
Ochrona praw autorskich
Platforma wydawców
Copyright © 2012 Chomikuj.pl
Immunologia
Mikrobiologia