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Canisius College
Department of Education
Dr. Robert Nida
Exam 1
EDE 100
September 24, 2015
Read each item carefully and select the response that best answers the questions (2 points
each).
1.
According to class lecture, child development follows age-related changes that
are:
a.
random, integrative, and selective
b.
orderly, distributive, and interdependent
c.
orderly, directional, and stable
d.
in no specific pattern
2.
The question of how heredity and environment influence each other to fashion the
behaviors of children is closely related to which one of the following “issues in
the study of development?”
a.
continuity-discontinuity issue
b.
nature –nurture debate
c.
one course of development or many
d.
how do various domains of development interact
3.
According to class lecture, development can be described as systematic change
which is
a. primarily the result of environmental influences
b. primarily the result of biological influences
c. the result of a long interplay between biological and environmental influences
d. none of the above
4.
Which philosopher proposed the idea that children are naturally good and seek out
experiences that help them grow?
a.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
b.
Stanley Hall
c.
Rene Descartes
d.
John Lock
5.
Genetically programmed sequential patterns of change or the biological unfolding
of the individual according to a plan in the genes?
a. behaviorism
b. inborn biases
c. mental testing movement
d. maturation
6.
According to your textbook, _______________ are universal, that is, they are
common to every individual in a species and are linked to specific ages (e.g.,
infants babble between 4 to 6 months and first words emerge between 10 and 14
months).
a.
normative age-graded changes
b.
history-graded changes
c.
non-normative changes
d.
inherited changes
7.
A special time (i.e., the timing of experience) in development in which the
developing organism (e.g., embryo or infant) is especially vulnerable to
environmental influences or a special type of stimulation?
a. bed time
b. critical period
c. behavioral stereotypes
d. none of the above
8.
Urie Bronfenbrenner’s perspective emphasizes that the child grows up in a
complex social environment (e.g., the child is embedded in a series of social
systems that extend well beyond the family)?
a. ecological
b. maternal
c. maturational
d. phenomenal
9.
According to Emmy Werner and Ruth Smith and their study of the children of
Kauai, some children are born with difficult temperaments, allergies, physical
abnormalities, which are known as
a. early circumstances
b. unavoidable circumstances
c. vulnerabilities
d. slow-to-warm-up babies
10.
Considering child poverty rates across Ethnic Groups in the United States (e.g.,
Figure 14.6), which one of the following ethnic groups has the highest rate of
poverty (as measured by percentage)?
a. Asian American
b. Hispanic American
c. African American
d. American Indian
11.
Compared to their better off peers, children living in poverty are more likely to
experience greater rates of illness and disabilities, have lower IQ scores, and
underperform in school. Researchers have concluded that
a. constant poverty has a greater negative impact than occasional poverty
b. rural children living in poverty are not as negatively affected by poverty
c. infants and young children are more
d. all of the above
e. both A and C
12.
According to studies of resilient and vulnerable children, such things as high IQ,
competent adult parenting, effective schools, secure attachment relations, strong
sense of identity, and optimistic outlook are known as key
a. risk factors
b. economic factors
c. protective factors
d. primary factors
e. secondary factors
13.
Martin and Martin’s book describes the ___________________ family as
multigenerational, an interdependent kinship systems, an extended family
network, and organized around a dominant figure.
a. Hispanic
b. African American
c. Asian
d. Pacific Islander
14.
The _________ family is characterized by a number of cultural values such as
preference for group participation, strong adherence to the family, avoidance of
personal conflict, and a high value placed on personal relationships.
a. Hispanic
b. Asian
c. African American
d. Pacific Islander
15.
Secure attachments, high quality parenting, good nutrition, good schools,
establishment of friends, and out of home opportunities are variables that help
predict
a. optimal developmental pathways for children
b. uncertain developmental pathways for children
c. the developmental path to chronic delinquency
d. happiness as an adult
16.
Children that have personal resources, good social support, and that have
managed to overcome adversities in life, and go on to live well are known as
a. vulnerable children
b. capable children
c. resilient children
d. happy children
17.
According to lecture on biological influences, which of the following family
members should exhibit similar scores on intelligence tests when taking into
account their kinship and child rearing context?
a.
biological siblings reared together in the same home
b.
adoptive siblings reared together in the same home
c.
fraternal twins reared together in the same home
d.
identical twins reared apart in different homes
18.
According to psychologist Jacques May, approximately ___ percent of children
are like ________ dolls, that bend but don’t break in response to life adversities.
a. 15; plastic
b. 15; glass
c. 15; steal
d. 68; plastic
19.
While investigating vulnerability and resiliency, Emmy Werner focused on the
relationship between socio-economic factors and perinatal stress on the
developmental “outcomes” of children. According to Werner, a “double
whammy” was the result of
a. resilient children in optimal environments
b. children living in low income families having experienced moderate to severe
perinatal stress
c. children living in high income families having experienced low perinatal
stress
d. resilient children in fun environments
20.
According to lecture, various abilities and skills (e.g., walking and babbling) that
children acquire at certain ages (months, years) are referred to as developmental
a.
gradients
b.
highlights
c.
milestones
d.
domains
21.
When the rate of development slows significantly and the impairment is severe
enough to cause permanent damage (e.g., cerebral palsy, spina bifida), the result
is often labeled as a
a.
developmental delay
b.
developmental anomaly
c.
developmental disability
d.
developmental psychopathology
22.
Long strings of molecules that form a double helix, which looks somewhat like a
twisted ladder, and contains segments of genes.
a. deoxyribonucleic acid
b. neurons
c. phenotypes
d. cilia
23.
Geneticists refer to the set of actual observed characteristics of an individual as
the______________.
a. genotype
b. phenotype
c. body type
d. intelligence type
24.
Consider the following scenario: if the allele for dark hair is dominant
(symbolized by capital D), whereas the one of blond hair is recessive (symbolized
by lowercase b), the combination “Db” will produce
a. red hair
b. mousey brown hair
c. blond hair
d. dark hair
25.
A type of recessive disease defined as the inability to neutralize the harmful
amino acid contained in milk and many high-proteins, an may cause severe
central nervous system damage and mental retardation?
a. Sickle cell anemia
b. Phenylketonuria
c. Tay-Sachs
d. Huntington’s chorea
26.
One of the most common chromosomal disorders resulting from an extra
chromosome on pair number twenty one. Associated features include intellectual
impairment, distinct physical features (almond shape to the eye, flattened facial
features, poor muscle tone and short stature)?
a. Down Syndrome
b. Turner syndrome
c. Fragile X
d. Polygenetic syndrome
27.
According to class lecture and film, very shy and inhibited children are wary of
novelty, fearful, and slow to adapt to new situations. Jerome Kagan was one of
the first to discover that these children also have different __________ nervous
systems, as compared to uninhibited, outgoing children?
a.
voluntary
b.
central
c.
sympathetic
d.
post synaptic
28.
According to class lecture (and text), Arnold Sammeroff and his colleagues
examined the relationship between the accumulation of risk factors and child
outcomes (e.g., intellectual development and academic achievement). These
researchers found that precipitous and significant developmental declines start to
occur when ______ stressors converge.
a. 1 or 2
b. 3 or 4
c. 7 or 8
d. 8 or 9
29.
Some researchers have discovered relatively stable, early-appearing constellations
of individual characteristics believed to have a hereditary basis; such things as,
activity level, approach/positive emotionality, inhibition/anxiety, negative
emotionality/irritability/anger, and effortful control/task persistence. These
characteristics are known as key dimensions of
a. a genotype
b. intelligence
c. niche picking
d. temperament
30.
The three phases of prenatal development, in order, are
a.
zygote, embryo, blastocyst
b.
zygote, embryo, fetus
c.
ovum, embryo, fetus
d.
ovum, fetus, embryo
31.
The period of prenatal development that extends from roughly 9 weeks gestation
to 38 weeks or full term?
a. zygote
b. embryonic
c. fetal
d. perinatal
32.
Perhaps the most dramatic and obvious structure or organ system to emerge
during the period of the embryo is the
a.
brain and central nervous system
b.
ears
c.
blastocyst
d.
lungs
33.
The production and proliferation of ________ takes place between the 10th and
18th weeks gestation age, i.e., the prenatal period.
a. endoderm
b. vernix
c. neurons
d. lanugo
34.
According to the graph depicting the sequence of critical periods of prenatal
development, the period in which teratogens are most likely to cause major
structural defects?
a.
fetal period
b.
germinal period
c.
embryonic period
d.
neonatal period
35.
The age of viability generally refers to the ability of the fetus to survive outside of
the uterine environment (womb) and viability can occur roughly between
________ weeks of gestation.
a. 15 to 18
b. 23 to 27
c. 30 to 35
d. 35 to 40
36.
The amnion and chorion are formed during what stage of prenatal development?
a.
sensory
b.
fetal
c.
germinal
d.
embryonic
37.
“Organogenesis” (also known as formation or organs emerging) coincides with
which of the following critical periods of prenatal development?
a.
fetal period
b.
germinal period
c.
embryonic period
d.
blastocyst period
38.
A term referring to any environmental agent that causes damage to the embryo or
fetus during the prenatal period is known as a
a. gene
b. prescription
c. toxin
d. teratogen
39.
During the 1960s, ____________ was a powerful medication provided to
expectant mothers. This medication was found to cause deformities of the arms
and legs.
a.
thalidomide
b.
penicillin
c.
arithramycin
d.
tetracylcine
40.
Stage one of labor is divided into three phases, in order they are?
a. Transition, active, latent
b. Active, transition, latent
c. Latent, active, transition
d. None of the above
41.
One of the leading birth complications, due to the baby receiving an insufficient
amount of oxygen, which may lead to brain damage?
a. apgar
b. dilation
c. chorion
d. anoxia
42.
A set of birth defects that results when women consume large amounts of alcohol
during most of all of pregnancy: mental retardation, slow physical growth, facial
abnormalities, and damage to some internal organs. This condition is known as
a.
anoxia
b.
phenylketonuria
c.
fetal alcohol syndrome
d.
phenyl-alcohol effect
43.
The most common adverse side effect of nicotine exposure (e.g., smoking) during
pregnancy, and having continual adverse impact during the last trimester of
pregnancy?
a. low birth weight
b. heart damage
c. motor skill irregularities
d. poor vision
44.
The vitamin, when taken during pregnancy, significantly decreases the likelihood
of neural tube defects such as spina bifida?
a. vitamin D
b. copper
c. folic acid
d. vitamin E
45.
A mineral that promotes the production of hemoglobin, a protein molecule found
in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues. Infants
that are deficient in this mineral may experience significant cognitive delay.
a. vitamin D
b. iron
c. copper
d. potassium
46.
According to the Thomas and Chess model of temperament, babies that are
initially inactive, show mild and low-key reactions to environmental stimuli (e.g.,
noise), is slightly negative in mood, but then adjusts slowly to new experiences?
a. easy
b. difficult
c. slow-to-warm-up
d. reflective
47.
According to the New York Longitudinal study conducted by pediatricians
Thomas and Chess, which one of the following temperament classification places
infants at-risk for subsequent behavioral problems?
a. easy
b. difficult
c. slow-to-warm-up
d. reflective
48.
Researchers have generally concluded that while temperament ___________
during childhood, personality (e.g., the Big Five) ___________ by adulthood.
a. emerges; disappears
b. is modifiable; is relatively stable
c. is relatively stable; is modifiable
d. none of the above
49.
Activity level, approach/positive emotionality, inhibition and anxiety, negative
emotionality/irritability, and effortful control/persistence are temperamental
dimensions which are widely accepted now and are associated with which
researcher(s)?
a. Werner and Smith
b. Thomas and Chess
c. Erikson
d. Buss, Plomin, and Kagan
50.
According to your textbook, The Big Five personality characteristic of
agreeableness and openness/intellect is quite similar to which one of the following
a. negative emotionality
b. effortful control
c. approach/positive emotionality
d. rhythmicity