Download Orange Final Exam Brainstorm 2016

Orange Block 2016 Final Exam Brainstorm
The final exam for honors biology will be a 90 minute exam with 80 multiple choice (80
points) and 2 open response questions (20 points).
*These topics are fair game for the 2 open response questions.
Orange block final: 6/15 (Wednesday) at 8am
DON’T FORGET YOUR TEXTBOOK!!!! (or Check!!! $140!!!)
Topics
1. Protein synthesis (DNA replication), epigenetics
a. DNA replication
i. Enzymes (helicase, primase (RNA primers), ligase, DNA
polymerase, nucleases)
ii. Okazaki fragments
iii. Errors mutations (good, bad, neutral)
iv. Leading vs. lagging strands (5’, 3’)
v. SSBP (single stranded binding proteins)
b. Protein synthesis
i. Ribosomes (large and small subunit)
ii. Transcription
1. RNA polymerase
2. TATA boxes/promoter(initiation)/terminator (termination)
regions, elongation
3. End product: mRNA (unprocessed)
4. Location: nucleus
iii. mRNA processing
1. Introns, exons
2. Spliceosomes/splicing
3. 5’ cap, 3’ poly A tail
4. Location: nucleus
iv. Translation
1. Codons (how to use the codon chart)
2. P, A, E sites on ribosome large subunit
3. tRNA (anticodons), mRNA
4. making a polypeptide chain (initiation- AUG, elongation,
termination- UAA, UGA, UAG)
5. Location: cytoplasm (free floating ribosomes, or rough ER)
c. Regulation of gene expression
i. Pre-transcriptional regulation
1. Histone wrapping
2. Transcription factors (promoter region)
3. CRISPR
ii. Post-transcriptional regulation
1. RNAi
2. RNA splicing (spliceosomes!)
d. Mutations can be
i. Sense
ii. Nonsense
iii. Silent
iv. Frameshift, point
2. Mitosis/meiosis
a. Cell cycle
i. Interphase (G0, G1, S, G2)
ii. Mitosis or meiosis
b. Mitosis
i. Results in 2 identical diploid cells
1. Goals: replace dead, dying cells, growth, development
ii. Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
iii. Cytokinesis (cleavage furrow)
iv. Sister chromatids, centromeres, spindle fibers, kinetochore,
metaphase plate, homologous chromosomes
c. Cancer
i. Disease of the cell cycle
ii. 3 treatments (radiation, chemo, surgery)
iii. oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes
iv. angiogenesis, metastasis
v. benign vs. malignant
d. Meiosis
i. Two phases
ii. Meiosis II is almost the same as mitosis
iii. Crossing over- tetrads, shuffling of genes
iv. Gametes, zygotes
v. Homologous chromosomes (meiosis I), sister chromatids (meiosis
II)
vi. Nondisjunction- human disorders resulting from- aneuploidy
vii. Diploid vs. haploid
viii. karyotypes
3. Genetics*
a. Punnett Squares (monohybrid vs. dihybrid crosses)
b. Monogenic vs. polygenic
c. Phenotype vs. genotype
d. Dominant, recessive
e. Blood typing (multiple alleles)
f. Complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, sex linked vs.
autosomal traits
g. True breeding (homozygous), heterozygous (carriers)
h. Pedigrees
i. Segregation of alleles, Mendel’s theories, independent assortment of
alleles
4. Biotechnology (PCR, gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing, etc)
a. PCR
i. Goal: replicate specific gene region billions of times
ii. Cycling of temperatures (denature, anneal, elongation)
iii. DNA polymerase, primers, nucleotides, DNA from organism
b. Gel electrophoresis
i. Ladder- standard of size comparison
ii. Goal: separate DNA by size, assess PCR efficacy
iii. Gel matrix- smaller DNA can move faster, larger move more
slowly
iv. Positive end- far end, negative- where you load DNA
v. DNA charge= negative
vi. Running dye with DNA- helps sink into gel, runs faster
vii. Must use UV light to visualize DNA
c. DNA sequencing
i. Goal: get the nucleotide base sequence (A, T, C, and G) of a gene
sequence/of an organism
ii. BLAST- helps identify organisms
5. Microbiology/IRP
a. Gram staining- gram negative (has double membrane) and gram positive
(thicker cell wall, no exterior membrane)
b. Bacterial shapes (coccus, spirochete, bacillus)
c. Making a smear
d. Conjugation
e. Plasmids
f. Binomial nomenclature (Genus species)
g. Prokaryotic fission
h. Harmful vs. beneficial bacteria
i. Agar (some are selective)
6. Evolution*
a. Natural selection vs. artificial selection
b. Genetic drift, migration
c. Evidence of evolution (embryology, homologous structures, vestigial
structures, molecular (amino acid/DNA), fossils)
d. Lamarck vs. Darwin
e. Speciation (allopatric vs. sympatric), reproductive barriers (prezygotic vs.
postzygotic)
f. Microevolution
g. Types of selection (directional, disruptive, stabilizing)
h. Finches, peppered moths
i. Gene pool- genetic drift, bottlenecking
j. Inbreeding
k. Phylogenetic trees
l. Punctuated equilibrium vs. gradual divergence
7. Ecology*
a. “Recent” human evolution
b. symbiotic/community relationships (parasitism, mutualism,
commensalism)
c. Biomes
d. Biotic vs. abiotic factors
e. Intra and interspecific competition
f. Predator/prey relationships (coevolution- toxins, coloration, etc)
g. Carrying capacity
h. Ecological succession (pioneer organisms, climax community)
i. Trophic levels (producers, consumers, decomposers)
i. 10% rule (energy transfer)
ii. food webs vs. food chains
8. Plants
a. Monocot vs. dicot
b. Parts of a flower
i. reproduction