Download I. Introduction

Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 13th ed.
Chapter 7: Skeletal System
Chapter 7: Skeletal System
I. Introduction
(Outcome 7.1.1) 1. Bones include active, living tissues: _____________________
__________________________________________________________________
(Outcome 7.1.2) 2. Bones: support and protect _________________, provide
points of __________________________, house _________________, and store
_____________________.
(Outcome 7.1.3) 1. The four classes of bone according to shape are __________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.1.3) 2. Examples of long bones are __________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.1.3) 3. Short bones are shaped like _________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.1.3) 4. Examples of short bones are ________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.1.3) 5. Flat bones are ___________________________________ structures.
(Outcome 7.1.3) 6. Examples of flat bones are__________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.1.3) 7. Irregular bones have a variety of _____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.1.3) 8. Examples of irregular bones are _____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.1.3) 9. Round bones are also called ________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.1.3) 10. Sesamoid bones are __________ and __________ and embedded
within __________________________________________________________________.
(Outcome 7.1.3) 11. An example of a sesamoid bone is the _______________________ .
II. Bone Structure
A. Parts of a Long Bone
(Outcome 7.2.4) 1. An expanded end of a long bone is called an _____________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) 2. An epiphysis articulates with _________________________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) 3. Articular cartilage is located __________________________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) 4. The shaft of a long bone is called a ____________________ .
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(Outcome 7.2.4) 5. The _________________________ is the widening
part of the bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
(Outcome 7.2.4) 6. Periosteum is______________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) 7. Periosteum functions to _____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) 8. Processes provide sites for ___________________________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) 9. The wall of the diaphysis is composed of____________ bone.
(Outcome 7.2.4) 10. Compact bone has _________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) 11. The epiphyses are largely composed of ____________ bone.
(Outcome 7.2.4) 12. Spongy bone consists of bony plates called _____________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) 13. A bone usually has ________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) 14. A semi-rigid tube with a hollow chamber
called____________________ ___________________ runs through the diaphysis.
(Outcome 7.2.4) 15. Endosteum lines __________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) 16. Endosteum contains ___________________________ cells.
(Outcome 7.2.4) 17. The tissue that fills the spaces of bone is called __________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) 18. The two forms of marrow are ________________________ .
B. Microscopic Structure
1. Introduction
(Outcome 7.2.4) a. Bone cells are called __________________________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) b. Lacunae are _________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) c. Lacunae form ________________________________
around _____________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) d. Osteoctyes transport __________________________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) e. Cellular processes of osteocytes pass through ______ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) f. The extracellular matrix of bone is composed of _____
___________________________________________________________ .
2. Compact Bones
(Outcome 7.2.4) a. An osteon is ________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) b. The substance of compact bone is formed from ______
___________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) c. Each central canal contains _____________________ .
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(Outcome 7.2.4) d. Perforating canals connect _____________________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) e. Perforating canals contain ______________________ .
3. Spongy Bone
(Outcome 7.2.4) a. Spongy bone is also composed of _________________
and ________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) b. Unlike compact bone, the bone cells do not _________
___________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) c. Instead the cells lie within _____________________ .
(Outcome 7.2.4) d. Osteocytes get nutrients from ____________________
___________________________________________________________ .
III. Bone Development and Growth
A. Introduction
(Outcome 7.3.5) 1. Parts of the skeleton begin to form _____________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 2. Bony structures continue to grow until__________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 3. Bones form by replacing_____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 4. Intramembranous bones originate within ________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 5. Endochondral bones originate ________________________ .
B. Intramembranous Bones
(Outcome 7.3.5) 1. Examples of intramembranous bones are ________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 2. Osteogenesis is ____________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 3. During their development, ____________________________
appear at the sites of their future bones.
(Outcome 7.3.5) 4. ____________________ supply the connective tissue layers.
(Outcome 7.3.5) 5. Osteoblasts are ____________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 6. Osteoblasts deposit _________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 7. Spongy bone can become ____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 8. As development continues, osteoblasts may become surrounded
by_______________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 9. Extracellular matrix enclosing the processes of osteoblasts gives
rise to ____________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 10. Once isolated, osteoblasts become ____________________ .
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(Outcome 7.3.5) 11. Periosteum comes from ____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 12. Compact bone is formed by _________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 13. Intramembranous ossification is ______________________ .
C. Endochondral Bones
(Outcome 7.3.5) 1. Most of the bones of the skeleton are ___________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 2. Endochondral bones develop as _______________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 3. Eventually the cartilage _____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 4. As the cartilage decomposes, ____________________ forms
from _____________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 5. _______________________ invade the disintegrating tissue.
(Outcome 7.3.5) 6. Some of the cells differentiate into _____________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 7. Osteoblasts form ___________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 8. Endochondral ossification is __________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 9. The primary ossification center is _____________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 10. Secondary ossification centers appear _________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 11. The epiphyseal plate is _____________________________ .
D. Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate
(Outcome 7.3.5) 1. In a long bone, the diaphysis is separated from the epiphysis by ________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 2. The cartilaginous cells form _____________________ layers.
(Outcome 7.3.5) 3. The first layer is composed of ________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 4. The first layer anchors ______________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 5. The second layer includes____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 6. As new cells appear, the cartilaginous plate ______________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 7. The third layer is formed by __________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 8. The cells of the third layer ___________ the epiphyseal plate.
(Outcome 7.3.5) 9. The fourth layer is composed of _______________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 10. Osteoclasts break down ____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 11. Osteoclasts originate from __________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 12. Osteoclasts secrete ________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 13. Osteoclasts phagocytize ____________________________ .
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(Outcome 7.3.5) 14. After osteoclasts remove the extracellular matrix,
________________________________________________ invade the region and
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 15. A long bone continues to lengthen while _______________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 16. Lengthening of the bone is no longer possible once _______
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome7.3.5) 17. The medullary cavity forms when _____________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 18. The bone in the ______________________ remains spongy.
(Outcome 7.3.5) 19. Hyaline cartilage on the ends persists as _______________ .
E. Homeostasis of Bone Tissue
(Outcome 7.3.5) 1. Throughout life, osteoclasts ___________________________
and osteoblasts ____________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.5) 2. About ___________ of bone calcium is exchanged each year.
F. Factors Affecting Bone Development, Growth, and Repair
(Outcome 7.3.6) 1. Factors that affect bone development, growth, and repair include _______
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.6) 2. Vitamin D is necessary for ___________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.6) 3. Lack of vitamin D can lead to the diseases ______________ .
(Outcome 7.3.6) 4. Vitamin A is necessary for ___________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.6) 5. Vitamin C is required for ____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.6) 6. Growth hormone stimulates __________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.6) 7. In children, the absence of growth hormone leads to _______ .
(Outcome 7.3.6) 8. An excess of growth hormone before the epiphyseal plates ossify
leads to ___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.6) 9. In adults, an excess of growth hormone leads to __________ .
(Outcome 7.3.6) 10. Thyroxine can halt _______________ by causing _________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.6) 11. Parathyroid hormone stimulates ______________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.6) 12. Sex hormones promote _____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.6) 13. Sex hormones also stimulate ________________________ .
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(Outcome 7.3.6) 14. Females typically reach their maximum heights earlier
than males because __________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.3.6) 15. Physical stress stimulates ___________________________ .
IV. Bone Function
A. Support and Protection
(Outcome 7.4.7) 1. Bones give shape to ________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.4.7) 2. The bones of _________________ support the body’s weight.
(Outcome 7.4.7) 3. The bones of the skull protect_________________________ .
(Outcome 7.4.7) 4. The bones of the ______________ protect the heart and lungs.
(Outcome 7.4.7) 5. Bones of the pelvic girdle protect ______________________ .
B. Blood Cell Formation
(Outcome 7.4.7) 1. Hematopoiesis is ___________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.4.7) 2. Blood cell formation begins __________________________ .
(Outcome 7.4.7) 3. Later in development, blood cells are made _______________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.4.7) 4. Marrow is ___________________________ within ________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.4.7) 5. Red marrow functions in ____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.4.7) 6. Red marrow occupies _______________________________ .
(Outcome 7.4.7) 7. With increasing age, _______________ replaces red marrow.
(Outcome 7.4.7) 8. Yellow marrow stores _______________________________ .
(Outcome 7.4.7) 9. In an adult, red marrow is primarily found ________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
C. Inorganic Salt Storage
(Outcome 7.4.7) 1. Extracellular matrix of bone tissue includes_______________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.4.7) 2. The salts account for ________________________ by weight.
(Outcome 7.4.7) 3. Hydroxyapatites are ________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.4.7) 4. The body requires calcium for _________________________
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_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.4.7) 5. When blood calcium is _________, parathyroid hormone
stimulates _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.4.7) 6. Very high blood calcium levels inhibit__________________ .
(Outcome 7.4.7) 7. Calcitonin stimulates _______________________________ .
(Outcome 7.4.7) 8. Bone tissue contains lesser amounts of __________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
V. Skeletal Organization
A. Number of Bones
(Outcome 7.5.8) 1. The number of bones in a human skeleton is around _______ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 2. Flat bones of the skull are tightly joined by ______________ .
B. Divisions of the Skeleton
(Outcome 7.5.8) 1. Two major portions of the skeleton are _________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 2. The axial skeleton contains___________________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 3. The skull is composed of ____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 4. The hyoid bone supports_____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 5. The hyoid bone is located ____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 6. The vertebral column consists of ______________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 7. The distal end of the column is formed by the _____________
and the ___________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 8. The coccyx is also called the _________________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 9. The thoracic cage is composed of_______________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 10. The appendicular skeleton consists of __________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 11. The pectoral girdle is formed by______________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 12. The pectoral girdle connects _________________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 13. The pectoral girdle aids in __________________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 14. Each upper limb consists of __________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
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(Outcome 7.5.8) 15. The humerus, radius, and ulna articulate _______________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 16. The wrist bones are called __________________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 17. The bones of the palm are called _____________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 18. Bones in the fingers are called _______________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 19. The pelvic girdle is formed by _______________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 20. The pelvic girdle connects __________________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 21. The pelvic girdle, sacrum, and coccyx form the__________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 22. Each lower limb consists of _________________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 23. The femur and tibia articulate with each other at _________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 24. The kneecap is called the ___________________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 25. The ankle bones are _______________________________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 26. The bones of the instep of the foot are called ____________ .
(Outcome 7.5.8) 27. Bones of the toes are called _________________________ .
VI. Skull – XII. Lower Limb
A. Introduction
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. A human skull usually consists of _____________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The moveable bone in the skull is the __________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. Some cranial and skull bones together form the___ of the eye.
B. Cranium
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The cranium encloses and protects _____________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The surface of the cranium provides attachments for________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. Sinuses are _______________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. Sinuses reduce _____________________________________
and increase _______________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The eight bones of the cranium are _____________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The frontal bone forms _______________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The supraorbital foramen is __________________ and allows
__________________________________________ to pass to tissues of the head.
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(Outcome 7.6.9) 8. The sinuses of the frontal bone are called _______________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 9. The two halves of the frontal bone fuse together by ________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 10. One parietal bone is located _________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 11. Together the parietal bones form _____________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 12. The sagittal suture fuses ____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 13. The coronal suture fuses ____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 14. The occipital bone joins the parietal bones along the ______ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 15. The occipital bone forms the ________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 16. The foramen magnum is ____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 17. Occipital condyles are located _______________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 18. Occipital condyles articulate with ____________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 19. A temporal bone on each side of the skull joins the parietal bone
along a ____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 20. The temporal bones form ___________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 21. The opening leading inward to parts of the ear is called ____
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 22. Mandibular fossae articulate with_____________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 23. The mastoid process is a site of attachment for __________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 24. The styloid process is a site of attachment for____________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 25. The carotid canal is near the __________________________
and transmits ______________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 26. The jugular foramen is ___________ and accommodates the
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 27. The zygomatic process projects _______________________
and joins the ______________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 28. The sphenoid bone helps form the _____________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 29. The sella turcica is _________________________________
and holds the ______________________________________________________ .
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(Outcome 7.6.9) 30. The sinuses of the sphenoid bone are called_____________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 31. The ethmoid bone is located _________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 32. It consists of two masses joined by ___________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 33. The cribriform plates form __________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 34. _____________________ pass through olfactory foramina.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 35. Portions of the ethmoid bone also form _________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 36. A ________________________ projects downward from the
_______________________________________ to form most of the nasal septum.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 37. Scroll-shaped plates called ________project inward from the
lateral portions of the ethmoid bone.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 38. The lateral portions of the ethmoid bone contain many small air
spaces called ______________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 39. The crista galli is__________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 40. The crista galli is attached to membranes that ____________
_________________________________________________________________ .
C. Facial Skeleton
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The facial skeleton consists ofimmovable bones and a movable
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The facial bones provide sites of attachment for ___________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The _____________________________ forms the upper jaw.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. Portions of the maxillary bones also comprise _____________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The maxillary bones also contain _______ for the upper teeth.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 6. Inside the maxillae, lateral to the nasal cavity are _________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The maxillary sinuses extend from ______________________
to _______________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 8. During development, portions of the maxillary bones called __
_____________________ grow together and form ________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 9. The alveolar arch is_________________________________ .
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(Outcome 7.6.9) 10. _________________________ occupy cavities in this arch.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 11. The palatine bones are _______________________ shaped.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 12. The palatine bones are located _______________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 13. The horizontal portions of the palatine bones form ________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 14. The perpendicular portions of the palatine bones help form the _______
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 15. Zygomatic bones are responsible for __________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 16. Each zygomatic bone has a _________process which extends
posteriorly to join __________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 17. Lacrimal bones are located __________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 18. The nasal bones form the bridge of ___________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 19. The nasal bones are attachments for ___________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 20. The vomer is located_______________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 21. Posteriorly the vomer joins __________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 22. The nasal septum is formed from ______________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 23. The inferior nasal conchae are attached to _______________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 24. Like the ethmoidal conchae, the inferior conchae support ___
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 25. The mandible is shaped like _________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 26. The flat projections at the ends of a mandible are ________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 27. The rami are divided into ____________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 28. The mandibular condyles articulate with _______________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 29. The coronoid processes provide ______________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 30. The alveolar border is _______________________________
and it contains _____________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 31. Mandibular foramens are located _____________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 32. ____________________ run through mandibular foramens.
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The mental foramen is ______________________________________________ .
D. Infantile Skull
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. At birth, the skull is _____________________ developed with ________
__________________________________________ connecting the cranial bones.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. Fontanels are ______________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. Fontanels permit ___________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. Eventually fontanels _______________ and cranial bones
_________________________________________________________________ .
E. Vertebral Column
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The vertebral column extends from ___________________ to
___________________________ and forms ____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The vertebral column is composed of___ that are separated by
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The vertebral column supports the _____________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The vertebral column protects ________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The spinal cord passes through ________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 6. An infant has _______ separate bones in the vertebral column.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The sacrum is formed by ____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 8. The coccyx is formed by ____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 9. An adult vertebral column has ___________________ bones.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 10. The four curvatures of the vertebral column are __________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 11. The cervical curvature develops when _________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 12. The lumbar curvature develops when __________________ .
F. A Typical Vertebra
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The body of a vertebra forms _________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The intervertebral discs are fastened to __________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The discs cushion and soften __________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. Anterior longitudinal ligaments join____________________ .
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(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. Posterior longitudinal ligaments join ___________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 6. Pedicles are _______________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 7. Laminae are ______________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 8. A vertebral arch formed by___________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 9. Spinous processes are _______________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 10. A transverse process projects ________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 11. Superior and inferior articulating processes project ________
and ______________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 12. Intervertebral foramina provide passageways for _________
_________________________________________________________________ .
G. Cervical Vertebra
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. There are ___________________________ cervical vertebrae.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The transverse processes of cervical vertebrae are distinctive
because ___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The spinous processes of the second through the sixth cervical
vertebrae are _______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The vertebra prominens is ___________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The atlas is _______________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The atlas supports __________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The facets of the atlas articulate with ___________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 8. The axis is ________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 9. The dens is a process that projects ____ and lies in the ring of
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 10. As the head is turned from side to side, _____ pivots around
_________________________________________________________________ .
H. Thoracic Vertebra
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. There are ___________________________ thoracic vertebrae.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The facets of thoracic vertebrae articulate with ___________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The bodies of thoracic vertebrae are adapted to ___________ .
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I. Lumbar Vertebra
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. There are _______ lumbar vertebrae and they are located ____
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The bodies of lumbar vertebrae are _______ than the superior
vertebrae.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae project _______
and the spinous processes are _________________________________________ .
J. Sacrum
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The sacrum is ______________________________ in shape.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The median sacral crest is ____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. Posterior sacral foramina are _________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The sacrum is wedged between ________________________
and is united to them at its ___________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The sacrum forms the _________________ wall of the pelvis.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The sacral promontory is ____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 7. Anterior sacral foramina provide passageways for ________ .
K. Coccyx
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The coccyx is the lowest part of _______________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. Sitting presses on the coccyx, and it moves ______________ ,
acting like a _______________________________________________________ .
L. . Thoracic Cage
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The thoracic cage includes ____________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The thoracic cage supports ____________________________
and protects _______________________________________________________ .
M. Ribs
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The usual number of ribs is __________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The true ribs are ___________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The false ribs are___________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. Floating ribs are ___________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. A typical rib has a long, slender _______________________ .
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(Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The head of a rib is _________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The head of a rib articulates with _______________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 8. A tubercle of a rib articulates with _____________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 9. Costal cartilages are composed of _____________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 10. Costal cartilages are attached to the _________ ends of a rib.
N. Sternum
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The sternum is located ______________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The three parts of the sternum are _____________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The _______________________ process projects downward.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The manubrium articulates with _______________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The manubrium and body articulate with ________________ .
O. Pectoral Girdle
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The four parts of the pectoral girdle are _________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The pectoral girdle supports _______ and is an attachment for
_________________________________________________________________ .
P. Clavicles
(Outcome 7.6.9.) 1. A clavicle has an _____________________________ shape.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. Clavicles run between _______________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The sternal ends of the clavicles articulate with ___________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The acromial ends of the clavicles articulate with _________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The clavicles brace __________________________________
and are attachment sites for___________________________________________ .
Q. Scapulae
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The scapulae are shaped like _________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The spine of a scapula divides ________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The acromion process forms__________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The acromion process articulates with __________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The coracoid process curves __________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The glenoid cavity is________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The glenoid cavity articulates with _____________________ .
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(Outcome 7.6.9) 8. The three borders of the scapulae are ____________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
R. Upper Limb
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The bones of the upper limb form ______________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The bones of the upper limb are _______________________ .
S. Humerus
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The humerus extends from ___________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The head of the humerus fits into ______________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. Two processes just below the head are ___________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The intertubercular groove is _________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The anatomical neck is ______________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The surgical neck is ________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The deltoid tuberosity is _____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 8. Two condyles at the lower end of the humerus are _________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 9. The capitulum is on the __________ side and articulates with
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 10. The trochlea is on the ___________ side and articulates with
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 11. Epicondyles are located ___________________ and provide
attachments for ____________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 12. The coronoid fossa is ____________________ that receives
_______________________________________ when the arm bends at the elbow.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 13. The olecranon fossa is ___________________ that receives
__________________________________________________________________
when the arm bends at the elbow.
T. Radius
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The radius is located on the ___________ side of the forearm.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The radius extends from _____________________ to ______
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and crosses over _____________________ when _________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The head of the radius articulates with __________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The radial tuberosity is an attachment site for ____________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The styloid process is located _________________________ .
U. Ulna
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The trochlear notch of the ulna is ______________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The trochlear notch articulates with ____________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The olecranon process is located ______________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The head of the humerus articulates laterally with __________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The styloid process of the ulna is located ________________ .
V. Hand
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The hand is made of ________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The bones of the wrist are called ______________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The individual names of the 8 carpals are ________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome7.6.9) 4. The anterior surface of the wrist is concave to allow for _____
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The metacarpals form the framework of ________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The distal ends of metacarpals form ____________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 7. Proximally, the metacarpals articulate with ______________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 8. Distally, the metacarpals articulate with_________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 9. The metacarpal of the thumb is numbered _______________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 10. The finger bones are _______________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 11. Each finger has __________ phalanges and the thumb has
_________________________________________________________ phalanges.
W. Pelvic Girdle
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The pelvic girdle consists of ___________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The pelvis is formed by _____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The pelvic girdle supports ___________________________ .
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(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The pelvic girdle provides attachments for _______________
and protects _______________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The body’s weight is transmitted through the pelvic girdle to
__________________________________________________________________
and then onto ______________________________________________________ .
X. Hip Bones
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. Each coxa develops from the following three parts _________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The acetabulum is __________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The acetabulum receives ____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The ____ is the largest and most superior portion of the coxa.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The ilium forms the prominence of ____________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The iliac crest is ___________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The iliac fossa is ___________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 8. Posteriorly the ilium joins the sacrum at ________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 9. The anterior superior iliac spine can be felt _______________
and is an important _________________________________________ landmark.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 10. On the posterior border of the ilium is a ________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 11. Below the posterior superior iliac spine is a deep indentation
called ____________________________________________________________ .
__________________________, through which ___________________________
______________________________________________________________ pass.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 12. The lowest portion of the coxa is _____________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 13. The ischium is______________________________ shaped.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 14. The ischial tuberosity points _________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 15. The ischial tuberosity supports the body during __________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 16. The ischial spine is ________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 17. The distance between the ischial spines is _______________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 18. The pubis constitutes ______________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 19. The symphisis pubis is _____________________________ .
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(Outcome 7.6.9) 20. The pubic arch is__________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 21. The obturator foramen is ___________________________ .
Y. True and False Pelves
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The pelvic brim would be marked if ____________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The pelvic brim separates _____________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The false pelvis is bounded posteriorly by _______________ ,
laterally by _______________________________________________________ ,
and anteriorly by ___________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The false pelvis supports ____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The true pelvis is bounded posteriorly by ________________
and laterally and anteriorly by ________________________________________ .
Z. Differences Between Male and Female Pelves
(Outcome 7.6.10) 1. Usually the female iliac bones are __ than those of the male.
(Outcome 7.6.10) 2. The female hips are usually _______ than those of the male.
(Outcome 7.6.10) 3. The angle of the female pubic arch may be _____________ .
(Outcome 7.6.10) 4. The female pelvic cavity is usually ___ than that of the male.
(Outcome 7.6.10) 5. The bones of the female pelvis are _____________________
and show less evidence of ____________________________________________ .
AA. Lower Limb
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The bones of the lower limb form the framework of ________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The bones of the lower limb are ________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
BB. Femur
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The femur extends from _____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The head of the femur projects ________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The fovea capitis is __________________________________
and marks the attachment of __________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The neck of the femur is _____________________________ .
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(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. Two large processes below the neck of the femur are _______
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The linea aspera is _________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The lateral and medial condyles articulate with ____________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 8. The patella articulates with the femur on its______________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 9. The medial and lateral epicondyles provide attachments for __
_________________________________________________________________ .
CC. Patella
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The patella is a ____________________ bone located in
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The patella controls ________________________________ .
DD. Tibia
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The shinbone is ____________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The tibia is located on ____________________________ side.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The medial and lateral condyles of the tibia articulate with ___
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The tibial tuberosity is located ________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The tibial tuberosity provides an attachment for __________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The anterior crest of the tibia is _______________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The medial malleolus is _____________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 8. On the tibia’s lateral side is a depression that articulates with _
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 9. The inferior surface of the tibia’s distal end articulates with __
_________________________________________________________________ .
EE. Fibula
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The fibula is on the _____________________ side of the tibia.
(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The head of the fibula articulates with __________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The lateral malleolus articulates with ___________________ .
FF. Foot
(Outcome 7.6.9) 1. The foot is made of _________________________________ .
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(Outcome 7.6.9) 2. The ankle or tarsus is composed of ____________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 3. The talus articulates with _____________________________
and can move _____________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 4. The seven tarsal bones are ____________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 5. The largest tarsal is the ______________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 6. The calcaneus helps support __________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 7. The metatarsus consists of ___________________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 8. The heads at the distal ends of the metatarsals form _______ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 9. The arch of the foot is formed by ______________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 10. The bones of the toes are called ______________________ .
(Outcome 7.6.9) 11. Each toe has phalanges except the great toe because it lacks
_________________________________________________________________ .
XIII. Life-Span Changes
(Outcome 7.13.11) 1. An incremental decrease in height begins at about ______ .
(Outcome 7.13.11) 2. _______ of the vertebrae may contribute to loss of height.
(Outcome 7.13.11) 3. As calcium levels fall, bones become __________________
and prone to_______________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.13.11) 4. Gradually, __________________ come to outnumber ___ .
(Outcome 7.13.11) 5. By age _______________ all adults start to lose bone mass.
(Outcome 7.13.11) 6. _____________________ bone shows signs of aging first.
(Outcome 7.13.11) 7. Compact bone loss begins around the age of ___________ .
(Outcome 7.13.11) 8. In the first decade following menopause, _______________
of trabecular bone is lost and ______________ of compact bone is lost in women.
(Outcome 7.13.11) 9. The most common fractures in the elderly are ___________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 7.13.11) 10. To preserve skeletal health ________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
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