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Transcript 
Fluid mechanics
500.101
Fluid mechanics
500.101
SOLIDS: Strain is related to stress. For Hookean or linear
elastic solids
σ=Eε, where
ε is strain
E is Young’s modulus
σ is stress (force/area)
FLUIDS: Strain rate is related to shear stress. For
Newtonian fluids
τ = μ du/dy, where
τ is shear stress,
μ is viscosity
du/dy is velocity gradient
Fluid mechanics
500.101
Viscosity behavior
of fluids
Newtonian.
Shear thickening.
Shear thinning.
Thixotropic.
Bingham plastic
Magnetorheological fluid
Fluid mechanics
500.101
Fluid mechanics
500.101
EQUATIONS
Momentum

  u u j 
DV
1


 p 
    i 
Dt
Re
  x j xi 
Continuity


   V  0
t
Fluid mechanics
500.101
BERNOULLI EQUATION

1 2

 p  v  gz  const
t
2
Fluid mechanics
500.101
Dimensionless quantities
Reynolds
Re
LV/ν
Inertial force/viscous force
Rossby
Ro
V/(2LΩ sin θ)
Inertial force/Coriolis force
[Drag coefficient] Cd
(ρ’-ρ)Lg/(ρ’V2) Drag force/inertial force
Fluid mechanics
500.101
Oceanography
Meteorology
Aeronautics
Biomedical fluid mechanics
Convective heat transfer
Turbulence
Acoustics
Powerless pump
Other. . .
Fluid mechanics
500.101
Oceanography
Fluid mechanics
500.101
Meteorology
Fluid mechanics
500.101
Biomedical fluids
Fluid mechanics
500.101
Fluid mechanics
500.101
Aeronautics
Fluid mechanics
500.101
Turbulence
Fluid mechanics
500.101
Fluid mechanics
500.101
Fluid mechanics
500.101
Water delivery
Fluid mechanics
500.101
Acoustics
Fluid mechanics
500.101
RECORD FUEL PRICES PLACE STRESS ON OCEAN
SHIPPING
May 2, 2008
Shipping lines worldwide are struggling as crude oil prices topped
an unprecedented US$119 per barrel this week, in turn pushing
marine bunker fuel prices up past $552 per ton – a $26 per ton
increase since the end of March alone. Bunker prices have risen
87% since the beginning of 2007.
Fuel costs represent as much as 50-60% of total ship operating
costs, depending on the type of ship and service.
.
.
.
With the cost of bunker fuel at $552 per ton, with fuel consumption
at 217 tons per day, and a 14 day voyage, a single round trip
voyage for this one vessel would produce a fuel bill of $3,353,952.
Fluid mechanics
500.101
SkySails flies 100-500m above
sea surface
Generates about 1.5 hp/m2
Largest offering 5000 m2
Estimated fuel saving Rotterdam/NY 27%
Fluid mechanics
500.101
Convective cooling
Fluid mechanics
500.101
Engines
Fluid mechanics
500.101
Water jet cutter with
injected abrasive
(40K psi)
Fluid mechanics
500.101
Power generation from
ocean waves
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