Download word

BL 616 (Test 4) study guide. portion of the final exam on topics since Exam 3; also the topics of ch 26-29
weren’t tested
Consider questions that cross chapters and sections :
Consider similarities, differences fatty acid degradation and synthesis, in terms of compartments in the
cell, enzymes and energy requirement, regulation
Consider need for different enzymes for synthesis vs. degradation, of glycogen, of glucose, of proteins
Consider important enzymes or proteins or other molecules that have similar names:
protease vs. proteasome
thrombin vs. thromboxane; trypsin vs. trypsinogen
glucose, glycogen, gluconeogenesis vs. glycolysis vs. glycogenolysis
phosphatase, phosphorylase (ex. Glycogen phosphorylase), kinases
serine proteases, tyrosine kinases
Chapters 26-31 carbohydrate topics:
26:
Insulin, glucagon and other hormones (see also chapter 43 for more details on this)
Nature of hormones, receptors, signaling paths.
What factors regulate synthesis, secretion of these two major hormones?
What are effects of these hormones on cells?
27: Digestion of carbohydrates in intestine – compare/contrast with lipids, amino acids
Types of transport into epithelial cells
Lactose and lactose intolerance
28: glycogen synthesis, degradation use different paths
Regulation of glycogen breakdown, synthesis
29: fructose and galactose are converted into intermediates of glycolysis
Fig. 30.17 Blood groups are glycolipids or glycoproteins
31: gluconeogenesis makes glucose from non-carbohydrates: amino acids (alanine), lactate, glycerol
Chapters 34-35 Steroid hormones, eicosanoids briefly
Cholesterol from diet or synthesized – role of HMG CoA reductase – statin drugsl
FH familial hypercholesterolemia – LDL receptor
Steroid hormones from cholesterol – adrenal glands, gonads: progesterone
Estrogen made from testosterone
Work through Nuclear hormone receptors
Mono-oxygenases P450
Vitamin D lipid – nuclear hormone receptor
Eicosanoids from arachidonic acid include prostaglandin, thromoxanes
Chapters 37-39 Nitrogen metabolism – protein digestion, amino acid absorption, urea cycle, synthesis and
degradation of amino acids – in addition to iRAT
Ch 39: briefly synthesis of nonessential amino acids – C skeletons from glycose, glycolysis intermediates
Degradation of enzymes to gluconeogenic intermediates, ketogenic
Errors of enzymes and diseases: PKU, homocystinemia