Download Bluford Drew Jemison Middle Lesson EARTH SCIENCE Teacher

Bluford Drew Jemison
Lesson
EARTH SCIENCE
Teacher:
Plan
Date: 07 October 2013 (Monday)
Middle Mr. Rogie B.
Legaspi
STANDARDS: VOLUNTARY STATE CURRICULUM
8.5.A.2c: The students will investigate and collect data from multiple trials, about the motion that explain the
motion that results when the same force acts on objects of different mass; and when different amounts of
force act on objects of the same mass.
COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS
RST.6-8.1 Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts
RST.6-8.7 Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that
information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table).
LESSON OBJECTIVE/S: Scholars will be able to…
1. Explain how rockets were developed.
2. Demonstrate how a rocket works.
3. Explain the main advantage of a multistage rocket.
Agenda: 1. Warmup
2. Chapter 4 Test
3. 2-1Science of Rockets 4. Testing Sundials
Warm Up:
Read “My Planet Diary” as a class. Copy and answer the following question on your journal: What would be
the advantage s and disadvantages of using a jetpack for transportation? Organize your answer in the
T chart:
Advantages of using a jetpack
Disadvantages of using a jetpack
ACTIVITIES/LESSON/S
1. Have students discuss the drawbacks of a jet pack flight.
2. Demo - Students will use a balloon to model a rocket and infer how it works - set up a discussion
about the force of air escaping a balloon.
3. Have volunteers share their answers to question 4 telling how they would attempt to control the flight
path of the balloon.
Explain and Elaborate:
1. Teach Key Concepts by explaining the technology behind modern rockets is based on earlier
inventions.
2. Teach Key Concepts by explaining that a rocket is propelled forward by gases that shoot out the back
of a rocket. Lead a Discussion about the two forces that act on a rocket: gravity and thrust.
3. Teach Key Concepts by explaining to students that a multistage rocket has advantages over a rocket
with a single fuel chamber. Support the Big Q by discussing the uses of satellites.
4. Hand out the Key Concept Summaries as a review of each part of the lesson. Students can also use
the online Vocab Flash Cards to review key terms.
Assessment : Have students take the Lesson Quiz. For an alternate assessment, see the EXAMVIEW®
Assessment Suite, Progress Monitoring Assessments, or SuccessTracker™.
HOMEWORK/ENRICHMENT
P4 of Instructional Framework - Possible misconceptions and how to address them.
MISCONCEPTION: Scholars might have a misconception that rocket technology was discovered by one
person, all at the same time.
How to address misconception: Most advanced technology develops incrementally, and with contributions
by many scientists or groups of scientists working separately or as teams. Examples: Gillette Razors used to
have one blade, now it has three; cars; laptops, etc.
MODIFICATIONS/ACCOMMODATIONS/AUGMENTATIONS
Scholars
Small
Group
Adjusted
Workload
Modified
Materials
All



Extra
Response
Time

Calculator
Verbatim
Reading

Adjusted
Grouping
Other
Notes
Name:
Earth Science
Date:
Chapter 4 Test
Section:
Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe
Multiple Choice. Write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.
______ 1. A light-year is
a. 365 days.
b. the distance light travels in a year.
c. the distance from Earth to Proxima Centauri.
d. the amount of light the sun produces in a year.
______ 2. Characteristics used to classify stars include
a. distance, size, and color.
b. size, distance, and brightness.
c. color, brightness, and distance.
d. size, brightness, and temperature.
______ 3. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram shows that main-sequence stars
a. are mostly hot and dim.
b. are mostly cool and bright.
c. increase in brightness as they increase in temperature.
d. decrease in brightness as they increase in temperature.
______ 4. A star is born when
a. a nebula expands.
c. nuclear fusion starts.
b. helium and oxygen combine.
d. a protostar begins to cool.
______ 5. Which of the following is a major difference between elliptical galaxies and spiral
galaxies?
a. Elliptical galaxies have almost no gas or dust between the stars.
b. Elliptical galaxies vary more in shape than spiral galaxies.
c. Spiral galaxies have almost no gas or dust between the stars.
d. Spiral galaxies contain only old stars.
______ 6. Eclipsing binary stars can sometimes be identified because
a. they are brighter than any single stars.
b. they are all white dwarfs.
c. they become dimmer at regular intervals.
d. they are cool red stars.
______ 7. One indication that a planet may exist near a distant star is that
a. the star varies in temperature.
b. the star has a very slight back and forth motion.
c. the star has very strong gravity d. radio wave activity increases near the star.
______ 8. A supernova is the explosion of a dying
a. medium-mass star.
c. protostar.
b. high-mass star.
d. low-mass star.
______ 9. From the cosmic background radiation, scientists can infer that, just after the big
bang, the universe must have been
a. very small.
b.
hot.
c. the same average temperature as it is today.
d.
cooler than it is today.
______ 10. According to Hubble’s law, the farther away a galaxy is,
a. the faster it is moving toward us
b. the slower it is moving toward us.
c. the slower it is moving away from us.
d. the faster it is moving away from us.
Completion. Fill in the line to complete each statement.
11. The type of light humans can see is called ____________________ light.
12. Telescopes work by collecting and focusing different forms of ____________________ radiation.
13. An object’s apparent change in position when viewed from two different places is called
___________________.
14. ____________________ uses powers of ten to write very large or small numbers in shorter form.
15. According to the big bang theory, the universe formed about _________________________ years ago.
True or False. If the statement is true, write true. If it is false, change the underlined word or
words to make the statement true.
____________ 16. Radio waves have shorter wavelengths than waves of visible light.
____________
17. Astronomers typically measure distances to stars in units called kilometers.
____________
18. Stars with less mass will last longer than stars with more mass.
____________
19. A star system has at least three stars.
____________
20. The sun is part of a(n) elliptical galaxy.
Using Science Skills. Use the figure below to answer the following questions in the spaces
provided.
21. Using the figure, name the star that is very dim and red in color.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
22. State how Barnard’s star and Mira are similar.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 4 ANSWER KEY
Chapter Test A
1.
C
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. A
6. D
7. A
8. C
9. A
10. D
11. Earth
12.solar system
13. carbon dioxide 14. storm
15. meteorite
16. T
17. T
18. F, gas giant
19. F, Oort cloud 20. T
21. This is the chromosphere. During a solar eclipse this layer appears as a red glow.
22. These are sunspots. They appear to be darker because they are made of gas that is cooler than
the surrounding areas. Cooler gases appear darker.
23. This is a prominence. It is a huge loop of hot gas erupting through the chromosphere.
24. Galileo observed that the moons of Jupiter revolved around Jupiter and not Earth. This
showed that not everything revolved around Earth. He knew that Venus is always seen close
to the sun and observed that Venus has a full set of phases. This could not occur if Earth was
at the center of the system of planets.
25. The solar system began as a giant cloud of gas and dust. Under the pull of gravity, the cloud
shrank to form a spinning disk. Gas in the center of the disk collapsed to form the sun. The
remaining gas and dust formed the planets and other objects in the solar system.
26. 1. Mercury
2. Venus
3. Earth
4. Mars
27. The object is Uranus. It has a tilt of approximately 90 degrees from vertical, so it rotates on its
side.
28. They are asteroids. They are too small to be considered planets.
29. Earth and Venus are similar in size, density, and internal structure. However, Venus rotates
very slowly from east to west. Earth rotates much more quickly from west to east. Venus has
a thick atmosphere that is mostly carbon dioxide. Earth’s atmosphere is mostly nitrogen and
oxygen. Because of its atmosphere, and because Venus is closer to the sun, Venus is much
hotter than Earth. Unlike Venus, Earth has liquid water on much of its surface.
30. At present, water on Mars exists mostly in solid forms (ice). Some of this ice is located in the
planet’s two polar ice caps. A large amount of water also exists as a gas in Mars’s
atmosphere. Water cannot exist as a liquid for long on Mars’s surface now because its
atmosphere is too thin. However, liquid water did exist on Mars in the past. Evidence includes
a variety of surface features that appear to have been formed by ancient streams, lakes, or
floods. The Spirit and Opportunity rovers found clear geologic evidence of past water.
31. Because the gas giants have so much mass, they exert a much stronger gravitational force
than the smaller inner planets. This stronger gravity prevents the gas giants’ light gases, such
as hydrogen and helium, from escaping.
Name
Date
Class
The Science of Rockets
Inquiry Warm-Up, What Force Moves a Balloon?
In the Inquiry Warm-Up, you investigated the effect of air escaping a balloon. Using what
you learned from that activity, answer the questions below.
1. PREDICT What do you expect would happen if you were to blow the
balloon up larger than you did in Step 1 and then released it?
2. OBSERVE Describe the path of the balloon’s flight as it moved through
the air.
3. DEVELOP HYPOTHESES Why do you think the balloon moved the way
it did?
4. DESIGN EXPERIMENTS Describe an experiment in which you could
control the flight path of the balloon when the opening was
released?
51A
Name
Date
The Science of Rockets
How Were Rockets Developed?
I get it! Now I know that rocket technology originated
and gradually spread to
I need extra help with
How Does a Rocket Work?
1a. EXPLAIN What is thrust?
b. INTERPRET DIAGRAMS Use Figure 2 to explain how a rocket moves
forward.
I get it! Now I know that a rocket moves forward when
I need extra help with
51B
Class
Name
Date
The Science of Rockets
What Is the Main Advantage of a Multistage Rocket?
2a. DESCRIBE Describe how a multistage rocket works.
b. RELATE CAUSE AND EFFECT Why can the third stage of a multistage
rocket go faster than the first stage, even though it has less fuel?
I get it! Now I know that the main advantage of a multistage rocket is that
I need extra help with
51C
Class
Name
Date
The Science of Rockets
Explain how a multistage rocket works.
51D
Class
Name
Date
Class
The Science of Rockets
Understanding Main Ideas
Fill in the blanks to identify the two forces.
1.
2.
force
force
Building Vocabulary
Match each term with its definition by writing the letter of the correct definition in the
right column on the line beside the term in the left column.
3.
thrust
a. equal and opposite to the action force
4.
orbital velocity
b. speed in a given direction
5.
multistage rocket
c. velocity a rocket must achieve to orbit Earth
6.
escape velocity
d. consists of stages placed on top of one another that drop
off as fuel is consumed
7.
reaction force
8.
rocket
9.
velocity
e. reaction force that propels an object forward
f. velocity a rocket must reach to fly beyond a planet’s
gravitational pull
g. device that expels gas in one direction to move in the
opposite direction
51E
Name
Date
Class
The Science of Rockets
Read the passage and study the diagram below. Then use a separate sheet of paper to
answer the questions that follow.
Rocket Thrust
Rockets fly by producing thrust. Thrust is the force that moves the rocket forward. Thrust occurs because
forces always come in pairs. This is stated in Newton’s third law of motion. According to this law, if
one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts a force of equal strength in the
opposite direction on the first object. So, if you push on an object, the object pushes back on you with
the same force.
You know that fuel burns in a rocket engine. When the fuel burns, hot gases form. The burning occurs
in an area called the combustion chamber, which is attached to the rocket nozzle. The molecules of hot
gas from the burning fuel are moving. These moving molecules hit the inside of the combustion chamber
and nozzle, except at the back, where the molecules are able to escape. As the gas molecules hit the
rocket, the rocket pushes back on the gas. Because the back of the rocket is open, this pushing back,
or thrust, propels the rocket forward. The amount of thrust depends on several factors, including the
mass and speed of the gases pushed out of the rocket. The greater the mass of the gas that is pushed
outward and the faster the gas moves, the greater the thrust that pushes the rocket.
1. What is thrust?
2. What is Newton’s third law of motion?
3. What happens when gas molecules hit the inside of a rocket’s combustion chamber?
4. How is thrust produced in a rocket?
5. What are two ways to increase the amount of thrust a rocket produces?
51F
Name
Date
Class
The Science of Rockets
Write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.
1.
The speed of a rocket in a given
direction is the rocket’s
A
B
2.
Rockets were invented in ancient
A
Britain
B
China
velocity
thrust
C America
C momentum
D Egypt
D power
3.
Two famous modern rocket
scientists were
A
Robert Hooke and Joseph Priestly
B
Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking
C Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and Robert
Goddard
D Isaac Newton and Hans Christian Oersted
4.
The “stages” in a multistage
rocket are
A
tanks of fuel
B
smaller rockets
C separate operations
D historical developments
If the statement is true, write true. If the statement is false, change the underlined word
or words to make the statement true.
5.
Rotational velocity is the velocity a rocket must achieve to
establish an orbit around Earth.
6.
A rocket moves forward when sparks shooting out the back
push the rocket in the opposite direction.
7.
The total weight of a multistage rocket is greatly reduced as
the rocket lands.
8.
9.
10.
The greater the mass, the greater a rocket’s velocity.
Warp speed is the velocity a rocket must reach to fly beyond
a planet’s gravitational pull.
The amount of inertia depends on the mass and speed of the
gases propelled out of the rocket.
The Science of Rockets
Answer Key
1. Accept all reasonable responses. Students will
1. the force that moves the rocket forward
likely say the balloon would fly further.
2. If one object exerts a force on a second
2. The balloon flew in different directions.
3. The opening of the balloon fluttered as air
escaped it. This caused the escaping air to
repeatedly change directions. And for each
of those directions, the balloon moved in the
opposite direction.
4. Sample: Pass a long string through a straw.
Tie the ends of the string to two points. Tape
the straw to the side of an inflated balloon.
Release the opening of the balloon.
Sample: A multistage rocket moves forward
when gases shooting out its back thrust it in
the opposite direction. It is made up of smaller
rockets, called stages. The stages are stacked and
fired in succession. As one stage is fired, the fuel
container powering the previous stage falls away.
So the total weight of the rocket is greatly reduced
as the rocket rises into space.
1. reaction
2. action
3. e
4. c
5. d
6. f
7. a
8. g
9. b
object, then the second object exerts a force
of equal strength in the opposite direction on
the first object.
3. The inside of the combustion chamber
pushes in the opposite direction on the
molecules of gas.
4. As gas molecules hit the inside of the
combustion chamber and nozzle, the
combustion chamber and nozzle push
back on the gas. This reaction force is
the rocket’s thrust.
5. Increase the mass of gas by adding fuel or
cause the gas molecules to move faster.
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. Orbital
6. gases
7. rises
8. thrust
9. Escape velocity
10. thrust