Download Semester Review and MIDTERM PRACTICE Test

BIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM 2002 - 2003
True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.
____
1. All living things are able to reproduce.
____
2. Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions in spite of changes in the environment.
____
3. Atoms have a positive charge.
____
4. Hydrogen and oxygen atoms have an equal number of electrons.
____
5. A molecule is an atom that has gained or lost an electron.
____
6. An atom that gains or loses one or more electrons is called an ion.
____
7. An atom with more electrons than protons has a positive charge.
____
8. Ionic bonds form between two negatively charged particles.
____
9. A covalent bond forms between two atoms that share electrons to form a molecule.
____ 10. Nonpolar molecules dissolve well in water.
____ 11. Scientists always take measurements using the International System of Measurements (SI).
____ 12. Viewing details of extremely small objects requires a microscope with both good magnification and good
resolution.
____ 13. Using a 10 ocular lens with a 10objective lens, an object will be magnified 20 its actual size.
____ 14. Organelles enable eukaryotic cells to carry out specialized functions.
____ 15. The cells of animals are prokaryotic.
____ 16. All living things that are not bacteria are eukaryotes.
____ 17. The only difference between a plant cell and an animal cell is that plant cells have chloroplasts.
____ 18. Proteins in the cell membrane may serve as channels, receptors, or markers.
____ 19. The nonpolar tails of a phospholipid are attracted to water.
____ 20. Most functions of a prokaryotic cell are controlled by the cell’s nucleus.
____ 21. DNA stores information that directs the activities of a cell.
____ 22. Diffusion is an active process that requires a cell to expend a great deal of energy.
____ 23. During diffusion, molecules diffuse from a region where their concentration is low to a region where their
concentration is higher, until the particles are evenly dispersed.
____ 24. When the concentration of dissolved particles outside a cell is equal to the concentration of dissolved
particles inside the cell, the cell solution is isotonic.
____ 25. Facilitated diffusion moves molecules and ions against their concentration gradient, while active transport
moves molecules and ions down their concentration gradient.
____ 26. Exocytosis is a process that uses vesicles to capture substances and bring them into a cell.
____ 27. All organisms require energy to carry out life processes.
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____ 28. Refer to the illustration above. Child # 3 probably has a homozygous recessive phenotype.
____ 29. Chargaff observed that the amount of adenine in an organism always equaled the amount of thymine.
____ 30. In all living things, DNA replication must occur after cell division.
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 31. Biology is the study of
a. minerals.
c. the weather.
b. life.
d. energy.
____ 32. Which of the following is characteristic of all living things?
a. reproduction
c. cellular organization
b. metabolism
d. All of the above
____ 33. Living things
a. require energy to carry on life processes.
b. have the ability to reproduce.
c. are composed of cells.
d. All of the above
____ 34. Most typically, the order in which the steps of scientific investigations are applied is
a. observations, predictions, hypothesis, controlled testing, conclusions, questions.
b. predictions, observations, hypothesis, conclusions, controlled testing, questions.
c. observations, questions, hypothesis, predictions, controlled testing, conclusions.
d. observations, hypothesis, predictions, controlled testing, questions, conclusions.
____ 35. A hypothesis is a
a. definite answer to a given problem.
b. testable possible explanation of an observation.
c. proven statement.
d. concluding statement.
____ 36. observation : hypothesis ::
a. theory : observation
c. hypothesis : prediction
b. guess : hypothesis
d. certainty : investigation
____ 37. A planned procedure to test a hypothesis is called a(n)
a. prediction.
c. control.
b. experiment.
d. variable.
____ 38. The variable that is measured in an experiment is the ____ variable.
a. independent.
c. control.
b. dependent.
d. experimental.
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Molecule A
Molecule B
____ 39. Refer to the illustration above. Molecules like Molecule B are found in
a. carbohydrates.
c. nucleic acids.
b. lipids.
d. proteins.
____ 40. Refer to the illustration above. The process shown is called
a. osmosis.
c. active transport.
b. facilitated diffusion.
d. diffusion.
Concentration of Water and Solutes in Four Adjacent Cells
____ 41. Refer to the illustration above. In this system, water molecules are most likely to diffuse in which
direction?
a. from A to B
c. from D to C
b. from B to D
d. from C to A
____ 42. Refer to the illustration above. Which cell is most likely to lose both water molecules and dissolved
particles as the system approaches equilibrium?
a. cell A
c. cell C
b. cell B
d. cell D
____ 43. Refer to the illustration above. In this system, dissolved particles in cell B are most likely to
a. remain in cell B.
c. diffuse into cell A.
b. adhere to cell B’s membrane.
d. diffuse into cell D.
____ 44. A cell will swell when it is placed in a(n) ____________ WITH RESPECT TO SOLUTES.
a. hypotonic solution.
c. isotonic solution.
b. hypertonic solution.
d. None of the above
____ 45. Most of the energy used by life on Earth comes from
a. the sun.
c. the moon.
b. the rotation of the Earth.
d. None of the above
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____ 46. Energy flows from the sun through the living world when
a. plants capture sunlight and produce carbohydrates.
b. animals eat plants.
c. animals eat other animals that have eaten plants.
d. All of the above
____ 47. Energy is required for a variety of life processes including
a. growth and reproduction.
b. movement.
c. transport of materials across cell membranes.
d. All of the above
____ 48. Chemical energy stored in food molecules is released through
a. fermentation.
c. cellular respiration.
b. photosynthesis.
d. None of the above
____ 49. Light energy is converted to chemical energy through the process of
a. cellular respiration.
c. photosynthesis.
b. fermentation.
d. glycolysis.
____ 50. The process in which plants capture energy and make organic molecules is known as
a. homeostasis.
c. photosynthesis.
b. evolution.
d. development.
____ 51. Because of photosynthesis,
a. the atmosphere is rich in oxygen gas.
b. animals can get energy directly from the sun.
c. plants produce carbon dioxide.
d. All of the above
____ 52. Based on the cycle of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, one can say that the ultimate original source
of energy for all living things on Earth is
a. carbohydrates.
c. the sun.
b. water.
d. carbon dioxide.
____ 53. photosynthesis : oxygen ::
a. oxygen : carbon dioxide
c. cellular respiration : oxygen
b. cellular respiration : carbon dioxide
d. cellular respiration : enzymes
____ 54. In a bacterium, cell division takes place when
a. its nucleus divides.
b. the cell splits into two cells, one of which receives all of the DNA.
c. the DNA is copied, a new cell wall forms between the DNA copies, and the cell splits into
two cells.
d. None of the above
____ 55. Normal human males develop from fertilized eggs containing which of the following sex chromosome
combinations?
a. XY
c. XO
b. XX
d. OO
____ 56. Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes containing genes that code for
a. different traits.
c. DNA.
b. same traits.
d. cytosol.
____ 57. In humans, the male determines the sex of the child because males have
a. two X chromosomes.
c. two Y chromosomes.
b. one X and one Y chromosome.
d. 46 chromosomes.
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____ 58. The diploid number of chromosomes in a human skin cell is 46. The number of chromosomes found in a
human ovum is
a. 46.
c. 23.
b. 92.
d. 12.5.
____ 59. A student can study a karyotype to learn about the
a. cell cycle.
b. genes that are present in a particular strand of DNA.
c. medical history of an individual.
d. number and structure of the chromosomes in a somatic cell.
____ 60. Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the cell cycle?
a. C  M  G1  S  G2
c. G1  S  G2  M  C
b. S  G1  G2  M  C
d. None of the above
____ 61. Mitosis is the process by which
a. microtubules are assembled.
c. the nucleus is divided into two nuclei.
b. cytoplasm is divided.
d. the cell rests.
____ 62. Refer to the illustration above. The cell in diagram 1 is in
a. metaphase.
c. anaphase.
b. telophase.
d. prophase.
____ 63. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following correctly indicates the order in which these events
occur?
a. A, B, C, D
c. B, A, C, D
b. C, B, A, D
d. A, C, B, D
____ 64. Refer to the illustration above. The process shown in the diagrams is
a. mitosis.
c. meiosis.
b. chromosomal mutation.
d. dominance.
____ 65. Separation of homologues occurs during
a. mitosis.
c. meiosis II.
b. meiosis I.
d. fertilization.
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____ 66. The difference between anaphase of mitosis and anaphase I of meiosis is that
a. the chromosomes line up at the equator in anaphase I.
b. centromeres do not exist in anaphase I.
c. chromatids do not separate at the centromere in anaphase I.
d. crossing-over occurs only in anaphase of mitosis.
____ 67. When crossing-over takes place, chromosomes
a. mutate in the first division.
b. produce new genes.
c. decrease in number.
d. exchange corresponding segments of DNA.
Using the information you have learned about cell reproduction, infer answers to the questions below
about a cell with a diploid number of 4 chromosomes. Select from among the diagrams below, labeled A,
B, C, D, and E, to answer the questions.
____ 68. Which of the diagrams above depicts a cell at the beginning of mitosis?
a. B
c. D
b. C
d. E
____ 69. Which of the diagrams above depicts a cell at the end of meiosis I?
a. B
c. C
b. C
d. E
____ 70. Which of the diagrams above depicts a cell at the end of meiosis II?
a. A
c. C
b. B
d. D
____ 71. Which of the diagrams above depicts a cell at the end of mitosis?
a. A
c. C
b. B
d. D
____ 72. The exchange of segments of DNA between the members of a pair of chromosomes
a. ensures that variations within a species never occur.
b. acts as a source of variations within a species.
c. always produces genetic disorders.
d. is called crossing.
____ 73. Crossing-over occurs
a. during prophase II.
c. during prophase I.
b. during fertilization.
d. at the centromere.
In humans, having freckles (F) is dominant to not having freckles (f). The inheritance of these traits can
be studied using a Punnett square similar to the one shown below.
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____ 74. Refer to the illustration above. The child represented in box 1 in the Punnett square would
a. be homozygous for freckles.
c. be heterozygous for freckles.
b. have an extra freckles chromosome.
d. not have freckles.
____ 75. Refer to the illustration above. The parents shown in the Punnett square could have children with a
phenotype ratio of
a. 1:2:1.
c. 3:1.
b. 4:0.
d. 2:2.
____ 76. Refer to the illustration above. Which box in the Punnett square represents a child who does not have
freckles?
a. box 1
c. box 3
b. box 2
d. box 4
____ 77. Refer to the illustration above. The child in box 3 of the Punnett square has the genotype
a. FF.
c. ff.
b. Ff.
d. None of the above
In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Consider the following cross between two rabbits.
____ 78. Refer to the illustration above. The device shown, which is used to determine the probable outcome of
genetic crosses, is called a
a. Mendelian box.
c. genetic graph.
b. Punnett square.
d. phenotypic paradox.
____ 79. Refer to the illustration above. Both of the parents in the cross are
a. black.
c. homozygous dominant.
b. brown.
d. homozygous recessive.
____ 80. Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype of the offspring indicated by box 3 would be
a. brown.
c. a mixture of brown and black.
b. black.
d. None of the above
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____ 81. Refer to the illustration above. The genotypic ratio of the F1 generation would be
a. 1:1.
c. 1:3.
b. 3:1.
d. 1:2:1.
____ 82. What is the expected genotypic ratio resulting from a heterozygous  heterozygous monohybrid cross?
a. 1:2:1
c. 1:2
b. 1:3:1
d. 1:0
____ 83. All of the following are true about the structure of DNA except
a. short strands of DNA are contained in chromosomes inside the nucleus of a cell.
b. every DNA nucleotide contains a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
c. DNA consists of two strands of nucleotides joined by hydrogen bonds.
d. the long strands of nucleotides are twisted into a double helix.
____ 84. Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of
a. amino acids.
c. monosaccharides.
b. fatty acids.
d. nucleotides.
____ 85. Which of the following is not part of a molecule of DNA?
a. deoxyribose
c. phosphate
b. nitrogen base
d. ribose
____ 86. A nucleotide consists of
a. a sugar, a protein, and adenine.
b. a sugar, an amino acid, and starch.
c. a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
d. a starch, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
____ 87. The entire molecule shown in the diagram is called a(n)
a. amino acid.
c. polysaccharide.
b. nucleotide.
d. pyrimidine.
____ 88. Watson and Crick built models that demonstrated that
a. DNA and RNA have the same structure.
b. DNA is made of two strands that twist into a double helix.
c. guanine forms hydrogen bonds with adenine.
d. thymine forms hydrogen bonds with cytosine.
____ 89. The amount of guanine in an organism always equals the amount of
a. protein.
c. adenine.
b. thymine.
d. cytosine.
____ 90. During DNA replication, a complementary strand of DNA is made for each original DNA strand. Thus, if
a portion of the original strand is CCTAGCT, then the new strand will be
a. TTGCATG.
c. CCTAGCT.
b. AAGTATC.
d. GGATCGA.
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____ 91. RNA differs from DNA in that RNA
a. is single-stranded.
c. contains the nitrogen base uracil.
b. contains a different sugar molecule.
d. All of the above
____ 92. Which of the following is not found in DNA?
a. adenine
c. uracil
b. cytosine
d. None of the above
____ 93. In RNA molecules, adenine is complementary to
a. cytosine.
c. thymine.
b. guanine.
d. uracil.
____ 94. During transcription,
a. proteins are synthesized.
c. RNA is produced.
b. DNA is replicated.
d. translation occurs.
____ 95. Transcription is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to a(n)
a. RNA molecule.
c. uracil molecule.
b. DNA molecule.
d. transposon.
____ 96. Each nucleotide triplet in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid is called a(n)
a. mutagen.
c. anticodon.
b. codon.
d. exon.
Use the diagram below of a strand of an mRNA and the genetic code shown there to answer the following
questions:
mRNA: CUCAAGUGCUUC
Genetic Code:
____ 97. Refer to the illustration above. What is the portion of the protein molecule coded for by the piece of
mRNA shown in the diagram?
a. Ser—Tyr—Arg—Gly
c. Leu—Lys—Cys—Phe
b. Val—Asp—Pro—His
d. Pro—Glu—Leu—Val
____ 98. Refer to the illustration above. The anticodons for the codons in the mRNA in the diagram are
a. GAG—UUC—ACG—AAG.
c. CUC—GAA—CGU—CUU.
b. GAG—TTC—ACG—AAG.
d. CUU—CGU—GAA—CUC.
____ 99. Which of the following would represent the strand of DNA from which the mRNA strand in the diagram
was made?
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a. CUCAAGUGCUUC
b. GAGUUCACGAAG
c. GAGTTCACGAAG
d. AGACCTGTAGGA
mRNA codons
amino acid
UAU, UAC
tyrosine
CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG
proline
GAU, GAC
aspartic acid
AUU, AUC, AUA
isoleucine
UGU, UGC
cysteine
____ 100. Suppose that you are given a protein containing the following sequence of amino acids: tyrosine, proline,
aspartic acid, isoleucine, and cysteine. Use the portion of the genetic code given above to determine
which of the possible answers contains a DNA sequence that codes for this amino acid sequence.
a. AUGGGUCUAUAUACG
c. GCAAACTCGCGCGTA
b. ATGGGTCTATATACG
d. ATAGGGCTTTAAACA
Essay
101. Name five characteristics that are considered distinct properties of all living things.
102. The results of an experiment do not support the hypothesis that the experiment was designed to test. Was
the experiment a waste of time? Explain.
103. Small cells function more efficiently than large cells. Briefly explain why this is true using the concept of
surface-area-to-volume ratio.
104. Why is it dangerous for humans to drink sea water?
105. The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is usually described as a cycle. Briefly
explain.
106. Refer to the illustration above. Identify the structure in the diagram and discuss its importance during
eukaryotic cell division.
107. Explain the mechanism of sex determination in humans.
108. What would happen if the chromosome number were not reduced before sexual reproduction?
109. Describe how genotype and phenotype are related.
110. Explain what is meant by homozygous and heterozygous.
111. The DNA molecule is described as a double helix. Describe the meaning of this expression and the
general structure of a DNA molecule.
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BIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM 2002 - 2003
Answer Section
TRUE/FALSE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
T
T
F
F
F
T
F
F
T
F
T
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
F
T
F
F
T
F
F
27.
28.
29.
30.
T
T
T
F
MULTIPLE CHOICE
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
B
D
D
C
B
C
B
A
B
D
D
D
C
A
A
D
D
C
C
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
C
A
C
B
C
A
B
B
C
D
C
C
C
B
C
B
C
D
C
D
A
B
B
C
A
C
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
D
B
B
A
B
D
A
A
D
D
C
B
B
D
D
D
C
D
C
A
B
C
A
C
B
ESSAY
101. Each organism is composed of one or more cells. All living things carry out metabolic reactions that
involve the use of energy. Reproduction is characteristic of all living things, as is homeostasis, the
maintenance of a constant internal environment. All organisms pass on genetic information to offspring.
All living organisms respond and adjust to their environment, as well as grow and develop.
102. No, the experiment was not a waste of time. A scientist works by systematically showing that certain
hypotheses are not valid when they are not consistent with the results of experiments. The results of
experiments are used to evaluate alternative hypotheses. An experiment can be successful if it shows that
one or more of the alternative hypotheses are inconsistent with observations.
103. All substances must cross the cell surface. A small cell has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio. This
allows materials to pass readily into or out of the cell. As cells increase in size, the surface-area-to-ratio
volume decreases. Large cells cannot take in, or get rid of, materials in numbers large enough to meet
their needs. Also, materials have further to travel in large cells than in small cells.
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104. The concentration of salt in sea water is higher than the concentration of salt in the fluids that surround
the cells in the human body. Drinking sea water increases the concentration of salt in the body’s fluids.
This causes water to leave the cells by osmosis, and without the proper amount of water the cells will be
harmed or will die.
105. The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is often described as cyclic because the
products of one process are used as the reactants for the other. Photosynthesis produces carbohydrates
from carbon dioxide and water, incorporating light energy into the bonds of the carbohydrates. Cellular
respiration, on the other hand, releases energy from the bonds of carbohydrates, producing carbon dioxide
and water.
106. This is a chromosome, the structure where the DNA in eukaryotic cells is found. The chromosome is
formed right before a eukaryotic cell divides. Chromosomes are made of two chromatids attached at the
centromere. During mitosis, the nucleus of a cell divides into two nuclei, each containing a complete set
of the cell’s chromosomes. Thus, each new cell formed during cell division contains identical DNA.
107. A female parent donates one X chromosome. A male parent donates either an X or a Y chromosome. If an
egg is fertilized by a sperm containing an X chromosome, the resulting zygote will be XX, and the new
individual will be female. If an egg is fertilized by a sperm containing a Y chromosome, the resulting
zygote will be XY, and the new individual will be male.
108. The number of chromosomes in the offspring would be double the number in the parents. The number and
characteristics of chromosomes in cells determine the traits of the organism. The organism would almost
certainly not survive the doubling of its chromosomes, and even if it did survive and reproduce, then the
number of chromosomes would become unmanageably large after only a few generations.
109. The genetic makeup of an organism is its genotype. The external appearance of an organism is its
phenotype. The phenotype of an organism is determined to a large degree by the genotype of the
organism. Environmental factors and other factors can influence the phenotype of an organism.
110. When both alleles of a pair are the same, an organism is said to be homozygous for that characteristic. An
organism may be homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive. A pea plant that is homozygous
dominant for height will have the genotype TT. A pea plant that is homozygous recessive for height will
have the genotype tt. When the two alleles in the pair are not the same—for example, when the genotype
is Tt—the organism is heterozygous for that characteristic.
111. DNA molecules are composed of two complementary strands of nucleotides arranged in a pattern
resembling a spiral staircase. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and one of
four possible bases. The double helix arrangement is maintained by the formation of hydrogen bonds
between complementary bases. Within the base pair adenine and thymine, as well as within the base pair
guanine and cytosine, equal numbers of molecules are present.
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