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Exam IV Study Guide Part II Urinary system Which side of the kidney is convex? (lat or med) Which is concave? (lat or med) What is the function of the renal fat? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ List the three outer layers of the kidney from internal to external: 1) 2) 3) The more superficial layer of the kidney is called the: The deeper layer is called… What are columns? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ What does each lobe of the kidney consist of? __________________________________________________ Where does the urine go after it enters the collecting tubules? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ What is the renal sinus? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Fill in the renal vascular flow chart below: Renal Artery Glomerulus Peritubular caps and vasa recta Renal Vein IVC Describe the innervation of the kidneys: __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ What’s the structural functional unit of the kidney? What are it’s 2 components? 1)________________________________________________ 2) _______________________________________________ Define the 3 mechanisms of Urine Production: 1)________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 2) _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 3)________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Which of the 3 above is an active process? What structures make up the nephron? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ What occurs in the renal corpuscle? __________________________________________________ What structures lie only in the renal cortex? __________________________________________________ Most nephrons are cortical/juxtamedullary (circle). What is in glomerular filtrate? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) What does not come out? Peritubular capillaries are associated with what part of the nephron? What do they do? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ The Vasa Recta is associated with what part? Fnxn __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ What is the function of juxtaglomerular cells? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ What do the macula densa do? Where are they? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Which hormone stimulates the DCTs and the collecting tubules to reclaim more water from the urine? Which hormone stimulates the kidney to resorb sodium into the blood stream so water flows? What vertebrae do the ureters begin around? The ________________ entry of the ureters into the bladder prevents backflow. T or F transit of urine from the ureters to the bladder is accomplished purely through gravity. Explain. __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ The ____________ is described as a collapsible muscular sac. Describe the location of the bladder… In Males:_________________________________________ In Females:_______________________________________ What muscle squeezes urine from bladder? _______________________________________ Describe what is at each of the following angles of the bladder: Posterolateral angle= Inferior angle= Describe the shape of the bladder when it is empty. __________________________________________________ For the two Urethral sphincters below, indicate which it is composed of smooth or skeletal muscle or if it is controlled voluntarily or involuntarily: - internal urethral sphincter: ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ - external urethral sphincter: ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ What are the 3 regions of the urethra in males: 1) 2) 3) Describe how Micturation is controlled by the brain? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ In what 2 ways is micturation inhibited? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Reproductive system Male Gonads = _________________ Which muscle causes the scrotum to wrinkle? (like fishies darting from a shark) __________________________________________________ Which muscle draws the testes up like a “master of the puppets” (little metallica for ya) __________________________________________________ Describe the origin of the testes and how they ended up in the inguinal region… __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ The testes are held “outside” the core body because sperm can only survive at _______ degrees less than 37 degrees Celsius. Explain countercurrent heat exchange: __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Define the following terms: Spermatogenic cells: __________________________________________________ Sustenacular cells: __________________________________________________ Where would you find the least differentiated sperm? When does spermatogenesis begin? What is the name for the sperm that are the stars in reproduction in the woman’s vagina? __________________________________________________ Explain Spermatogenesis __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ What is the enzyme that degrades the egg? __________________________________________________ What are some functions of the sustenacular cells? -_________________________________________________ -_________________________________________________ -_________________________________________________ -_________________________________________________ -_________________________________________________ -_________________________________________________ Why is it necessary to have a blood-testes barrier? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ What is the male gamete? __________________________________________________ Define the following: -spermatagonia= -spermatocytes= -spermatids= -spermatazoa= What hormones are involved with spermatogenesis? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Interstitial cells secrete: What are myoid cells? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Label the diagram below and draw arrows to track the route of sperm: (don’t forget the seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens, epididymus, urethra etc) Where does the spermatozoa and the semen mix? __________________________________________________ What is the ampulla? __________________________________________________ What nourishes the sperm? __________________________________________________ What does prostaglandin do? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ What do seminal vessels secrete? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ What does the prostate gland secrete? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ What about the bulbourethral gland? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Describe the Male sexual response: 1) erection __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 2) ejaculation __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Ovarian cycle (hormones, structures involved) Uterine cycle (hormones, structures involved) Both testes and ovaries lie RETROPERITONEAL!