Download Science Final Study Guide V

Science Final Study Guide V.2
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Created by: Yaset Acevedo
Nothing can substitute just plain studying! So study!
Overview:
Linnaeus created the standard system of classification.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
The 5 Kingdoms are Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Monera, and Protista.
Glossary:
Appendages- objects sticking out from the main body
Deuterostome- During embryo development, the anus forms first (occurs from the
Starfish to the Pig)
Dorsal- top/backside
Oviparous - external development via eggs
Ovoviviparous - no connection between offspring, egg, and mother
Pheromones- chemical attractants that stimulate sexual response from the opposite sex
Protostome- During embryo development, its oral cavity develops first (occurs from the
Hydra through the Clam)
Ventral- belly/underside
Viviparous - live bearers. There is a connection between the mother and the offspring via
umbilical cord. No eggshell
Hydra
[Phylum] Cnidaria (includes Jellyfish and hydras)
[Class] Hydrozoa
Details:
 Has 5-10 tentacles
 Mouth (or Hypostome)
 Breathes by diffusion
 Carbon dioxide diffuses too
 Primitive nervous system can sense up, down, light, dark
Planarias
[Phylum] Platyhelminthes (Also known as flatworms)
[Class] Turbellaria
Details:
 Distinctive head and tail
 Digestion system has only one opening
 All are monoecious (1 sex)
 Ventral side has Cillia for locomotion
 Most are marine
 Epidermis have melanophore (pigment cells) that give color
 Respiration via diffusion
 The "eyes" are called ocelli
 They breath through diffusion
 The auricle is the bulge on the head
Earthworm
[Phylum] Annelidia
[Class] Oligochaeta
Details:
 mouth
 crop
 gizzard
 intestine
 clatellum
 small hairs for locomotion
 5 aortic arches
Crayfish
[Phylum] Arthropoda (means jointed limb)
[Class] Mala costraca
General Characteristics:
 Body has 2 regions:






o Anterior (cephalothorax which is protected by a carapace)
o Posterior (abdomen)
All cephalothoraxic appendages are called periopods
o Example - antennae and pinchers
All abdominal appendages are called pleopods
o Example - swimmerettes (swimmerettes are short jointed)
Appendages are on each segment of the abdomen
Telson are tail lobes that tend to be dorsally found
Uropods are found in pairs on either side of the Telson
Experiences autonomy which is the self amputation of damaged appendages so
that a new appendage will regenerate
Muscular System:
 The abdominal region has the greatest amount of muscle
Circulatory System
 An incomplete or open circulatory system (blood is allowed to mix throughout
body)
 The heart is located on the dorsal surface of the cephalothorax just beneath the
carapace
 Heart possesses valves that prevent back flow of blood
 The heart has one atrium and 3 ostia for the blood to come back
Respiratory System
 Have large feather like pairs of gills for respiration
 Found in a lateral position within the branchial chambers on each side of the
cephalothorax
Digestion System
 A short esophagus connects to the stomach
 The intestine does most of the digestion and the absorption of nutrients occurs
here
Nervous System
 Well developed nervous system and it has a bi-lobed brain just above esophagus
 Antennae are used for sensing odor in the water
Reproduction System
 Male has thinner abdomen and 1st pair of swimmerettes are enlarged
 Fertilization is external. Male places sperm in a bag and deposits it with female
eggs on the female
 Fertilized eggs stick to the swimmerettes of the female
Grasshopper
[Phylum] Arthropoda (means jointed limb)
[Class] Insecta
[Order] Orthoptera
History:
 Insects were the first to fly
o Bats and Birds can also fly
 Insects are greatest threat to human beings. Insects do 2/3 of the pollination
necessary for plants.
 In most animal species, the females are larger than the males
Details:
 3 sections
o Heads
o Thorax
o Abdomen
 Most adults will possess two pairs of wings
 All adults possess 3 pairs of legs
 Head
o 1 pair of antennae to feel surroundings and smell
o 2 compound eyes
 Thorax
o 3 segments
o protothorax
 legs
o mesothorax
 wings and legs
o metathorax
 wings and legs
 Legs are composed of five segments
 Wings on mesothorax are forewings
 Wings on metathorax are hindwings
 Abdomen
o 9-11 somites
 Spiracles are small openings to breathe
 1 pairs of spiracles per somite
 1st somite is the tympania, which has the ears. It is also where the
abdomen and the thorax join
Circulatory System:
 5 bulb-like things that act as a heart
 Blood has nothing to do with oxygen. It only has to do with food and waste
Respiratory System:
 Spiracles go to trachea
 End of trachea is the airsack is for carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange
Digestive System:
 Foregut:
o Mouth, salivary gland, crop (which is used for holding food), and gizzard
(which is used to grind)
 Midgut:
o Stomach
 Hindgut:
o Intestine and anus
Nervous System:
 Bi-lobe brain near the esophagus
Reproductive System:
 Sac is placed inside female and fertilization takes place. Eggs leave via
ovipostore.
Starfish
[Phylum] Echinodermata (all have water-vascular system, are found in the water and
there are no parasitic echinoderms)
[Class] Asteroidia
Details:
 spines are points/prickly things
 dermal branchea are skin gills
 pedicellariae are on the oral surface and are pincher like projections
 has an exoskeleton
 has 5 arm like projections
 central disc
 no head
 no brain
 5 seperate nervous systems
 seen in shallow salt water which is about 0-100 feet
 top side is the aboral side
 under side is the oral side
 is asexual
o if one of its limbs is cut off, another one is produced ans the limb that was
cut off is made into another starfish
 ambulacral grooves
o oral side, attachment point for the tube feet
Digestion:
 Eats its food by going on top of it and pulling it apart.
4 functions of the water vascular system:
 tube feet
o sucks like a vacuum onto surfaces
o infaltes and deflates
 anus is on the aboral side
 obtains food
 tube feet are also used as a respiratory device
The 6 main organs:
 Madreporite
 Stone canal
 Ring canal
 Radial canal
 Lateral canal
 Tube feet
[Phylum] Cordata
 all cordata have these at some point in their life
 notochord (flexible rod-like structure that provides support)
 dorsal nerve cord (anterior end of dorsal nerve cord is the brain)
 Pharyngeal Gill slits (turns into tubes in the skull)
 Post-anul tail (located after anus)
 complete digestive system
 closed/complete circulatory system
 endoskeleton of bone or cartilage
Fish
[Class] Osteichthyes
Details:
 large brain divided into regions
 vertebral column
 well developed central and peripheral nervous system
 posess kidneys
 head, trunk, caudal
 no eyelids
 no nictitating membrane
 opercullum (flaps over gills)
 one medial fin (ventrally or dorsally)
 paired pectoral fins
 paired pelvic fins
 caudal fin (most have homo cercal tail)
 well developed lateral line system (used to develop peripheral nervous system)
Internal Characteristics:





Complete digestive system
two chamber heart
blood cells have a nucleolus (hemoglobin)
respiration through gills
swim bladder (extension of the respiratory system) a sack like structure that is
used to control buoyancy
 female lays eggs. Male fertilizes them.
Mammals
[Phylum] Mammalia
Details:
 one pair of mammary glands
 believed to have evolved from reptiles
 all possess hair at some point
 4 chambered heart
 no nuclei in blood
 pair of lungs
 endothermic
 muscular diaphragm
 most mammals are viviparous
 skin has glands (sudorifferous and sebacious)
 mammary glands are modified sweat glands (always in pairs)
 only animals with antlers of horns
o Males - antlers shed yearly
o Males and Females - horns are permanent
 you are able to identify mammals by their teeth
o deciduous teeth (you lose them)
o permanent teeth (incisors, molars, canines)
 mammals are the only animals with movable lips
Notes
The most helpful way to prepare yourself for the Science Final is to study the diagrams
and memorize the positions of all the organs. The notes provided give info regarding the
lifestyles and characteristics of the animals but you may need to further your studies by
researching pictures. This IS a lab practical so it's more of a visual test.