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Study Guide
AP Biology Semester 2
Evolution: definition
Macroevolution
Microevolution
Evidence: biochemistry, embryology,
fossils, comparative anatomy,
Natural selection
Directional selection
Acquired characteristics vs. heritable
characteristics
Causes of variation
Phylogeny: cladograms
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Genetic drift
Speciation--isolation
Bacteria
Eubacteria vs archaebacteria
3 shaptes
Reproduction: fission, conjugation,
plasmids
Viruses:
Structure
RNA or DNA
Replication
Bacteriophage
Protista: characteristics and major
groups
Fungi: characteristics
Structure: rhizoids, hyphae, mycelium
Plant Groups:
Bryophytes
Seedless vascular
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Alternation of generations
Flower parts
Monocot vs Dicot
Plant Tissues:
Leaves: structure and function
Stomata, transpiration
Roots: tap, fibrous
Xylem, trachieds
Phloem, companion cells
Animals:
Characteristics of all animals
Symmetry
Body plan
Cephalization
Complete vs incomplete digestive
system
Open vs closed circulatory system
Invertebrates:
Sponges
Cnidarians
Flatworms
Roundworms
Segmented worms
Mollusks
Arthropods
Echinoderms
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