Download 第七章

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第七章
I.
Multiple choice
1.
2.
The period ranging from 1865 to 1914 has been referred to as the age of
realism
Darwin exerts the single most important influence on literary naturalism
達爾文的進化論對美國人思想的影響以及十九世紀法國文學對美國文
學家的影響使美國產生了另一個現實主義的文學流派：美國自然主義
3.
naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing
become less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more
pessimistic 悲觀的
4.
one of the most familiar themes in American naturalism is the theme of
haman “bestiality”---獸性
美國自然主義文學表現的最常見的主題是人的“獸性”，並把它用來解
釋性欲
5.
statement D is not true in describing American naturalists
A. they were deeply influenced by Darwinism
B. they were identified with French novelist and thoerist Emile Zola
C. they chose their subjects from the lower ranks or society
D. they used more serious and more sympath\etic tone in writing than
realist
should be less sympathetci
6.
Twain is considered by H.L.Mencken as “the true father of our national
literature”
馬克。吐溫是美國文學巨匠， 門肯認為他是 “我們真正的民族之父”
7.
Mark Twain shaped the world’s view of America and made a combination
of American folk humor and Serious literature
馬克吐溫將美國民間幽默和嚴肅文學完美地結合起來
8.
The book from which “all modern American literature comes” refers to the
adventures of Huckleberry Finn 哈克貝裡。芬
作為湯姆。索婭 的續篇， 哈克貝裡。芬 是馬克吐溫文學創作的高峰，
海明威曾把該書看作是“所有現代美國文學之源”
9.
Mark Twain wrote most of his literary works with a vernacular language
哈克貝裡。芬裡哈克講的是方言土語
10. Henry Jame’s fame generally rests upon his novels and stories with
international theme
詹姆斯的聲譽主要在於他關於國際主題的小說上， 這些小說以國際，
主要是歐美為大背景， 集中表現兩種人群的兩種價值觀在兩種文化制
度中的沖突
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11. Henry James is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th-Century
“steam-of-consciousness”novels and the founder of psychological realism
亨利。詹姆斯創立了意識流理論
12. stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by highly refined
lauguage
詹姆斯的文學語言不易讀懂，他的語言高雅而富有見解，語言豐富，措
辭準確，很好地表達了他的文學想象力,不僅是這一時代的最重要的現
實主義作家，
13. In Henry James’ Daisy Miller, the author tries to portray the young woman
as an embodiment of the free spirit of the New World
黛西。米勒,
14. Daisy Miller’s tragedy of indiscretion 輕率 is intensified and enlarged by
its narration from the point of view of the American youth winterbourne
黛西。米勒
15. which of the following best describes the young woman in Henry James’
Daisy Miller?
She represents the free spirit of the New World
16. Because I could not stop for death is a famous poem written by Emily
Dickinson
因為我不能止步等待死亡
17. Which of the following is not a usual subject of poetic expression of Emily
Dickinson’s A
A. War and peace
B. Love and marriage
C. Life and death
D. Religion
18. In I heard a fly buzz—when I died--- Emily Dickinson describes the
moment of death peacefully
當我死時， 聽見一隻蒼蠅嗡嗡叫
19. which of the following is not a work of Emily Dickinson’s C
A. this is my letter to the world 這是我給世界的信
B. I heard a fly buzz when I died 當我死時， 我聽到一隻蒼蠅在嗡嗡叫
C.
D.
The road not taken
I like to see it lap the miles 我喜歡看他奔馳
20. Theodore Dreiser is generally regard as one of America’s naturalists
西奧多。德萊塞 是美國著名的自然主義作家
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21. The following titles are all related to the subject that escape from the society
and returns to nature except
A. Dreiser’s sister carrie
B. Copper’s leather---stocking tales
C. Thoreau’s walden
D. Mark twain’s the adventures of HuckleberRY Finn
22. Even then be stood there,
他仍站在那裡
Hidden wholly in that kindness which is night
完全包裹在仁慈的夜色裡
While the uprising fumes filled the room.
當釋放的煤氣充滿整個房間時
When the odor reached his nostrilsiv
當他的鼻孔嗅到了煤氣的味兒，
He quit his attitude and fumbled for the bed
便放棄了站立的姿勢，摸索著上了床
What’s the use?
有什麼用呢
He said, weakly , as he stretched himself to rest
他攤開手腳躺下去安息的時候， 倦怠地說
The passage is taken from:
Sister Carrier by Thodore Dreiser 西奧多。德萊塞
23. The greatest work written by Theodore dreiser is
An American tragedy
美國悲劇是 Theodore 的傑作， 通過這樣的書名，作者想要告訴我們
是社會壓力使克萊德的破產不可避免，克萊德的悲劇產生於美國的社會
制度， 這個制度鼓歷人們不惜代價實現“成功之夢”
II.
Reading comprehension
1.
The eyes aroud---had wrung them dry
周圍的眼晴----已經哭幹
And Breaths were gathering firm
牢牢把握呼吸
For that last onset---when the king
準備那最後的攻擊—當死神
Be witnessed---in the room---被目睹---在房間裡
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Questions: taken from I heard a fly buzz when I died --Emily Dickinson
A. What is the meaning of the first line?
The relatives and friends had cried and cried so that there were not tears
any more
B. What does”the king” refer to ?
The King refers to the God of death
C. What idea does the poem from which this stanza is taken express?
The poem expresses Dickson’s even imagined her own death, the loss of
her own body, and the journey of her soul to unknown
2.
This is my letter to the world
這是我給世界的信
That never wrote to me
世界卻從不給我寫信
The simple News that Nature told
大自然告之這個簡單的消息
With tender majesty
A. Who is the author of the stanza?
B.
Emily Dickinson
Which period does the poem belong to
C.
The Realistic Period
What idea does the poem express?
The poem expresses Dickinson’s anxiety about her
communication with the outside world
3.
So I was full of trouble, full as I could be, and didn’t know what to do. At
last I had an idea, and I says. I ‘ll go and write the letter----and then see if
I can pray. Why, It was astonishing, the way I felt as light as a feather, right
straight off, and my trouble all gone. So I got a piece of paper and a pencil,
all glad and excited, and set down and wrote
所以我心裡很苦惱， 簡直苦惱得要命， 不知怎麼才好。後來我終歸想
出了一個主意， 我就說， 我還是去寫信吧， 寫完了再看能不能禱告
得成。哈， 那才真奇怪呢， 我馬上就輕鬆得象一根雞毛似的， 什麼
苦惱也沒有了， 於是我就拿起一張紙和一支鉛筆，興致十足地坐下來
寫
Questions:
A. Who does I refer to ?
Huckleberry, the protagonist of the novel”adventures of
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B.
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Huckleberry Finn
Explain why I was full of trouble first, then my trouble all gone
First Huck couldn’t decide whether or not he sould write a letter to
tell Miss Waston 華森 where Jim is, then he had an idea and
C.
wrote an appropriate letter
Use a sentence to summarize the image of I
Huck is a boy with “ a sound heart and a deformed conscience”
有正常心理和畸型良知的美國男孩
III. Questions and answers
1.
What are the characteristics of American naturalism? Please discuss
the above question in relation to the basic principles of literary
naturalism
A. The most familiar themes in American naturalism is the theme of
Human, especially as an explanation of sexual desire
人的獸性， 並把它作為性欲
B.
Artistically naturalistic writing are usually unpolished 粗糙 in
language, lasking in academic skills and unwieldy in structure
在藝術上， 自然主義的文學的語言顯得粗造， 結構也比較笨拙
C.
Philosophically, the naturalists believe that the real and true is always
partially hidden from the eyes of the individual, or beyond his
control
在哲學上， 自然主義作家認為真實的東西是人的眼睛所看不見的，
或是無法控制的,人的存在是受制的
D.
2.
The author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic
but more ironic and more pessimistic
自然主義產生現實主義，隻是在創作上更富諷刺，更加悲觀, 自然
主義隻是另一咱哲學
what is the theme of Henry James’ novel Daisy Miller?
Daisy Miller embodies the spirit of the New World, but her innocence ,an
admiring but a dangerous quality, and her defiance of social laboos in Old
World bring her to a disaster in the clash between two different cultures
IV. Topic Disscussion
1. Sister Carrie is the greatest literary work by Theodore Dreiser
萊塞。 Discuss Carrie meeber, the Protagonist of the novel
A.
西奧多， 德
A social background:: the impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on
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the American thought and influence of the 19th century French
literature American men of letter gave rise to yet another school of
realism: American naturalism
社會背景：
B.
Sister Carrie best embodies Dreiser’s naturalistic belief that while men
are controlled and conditioned by heredity, instinct and chance, a few
upsophiticated human beings refuse to accpet their fate and try to find
meaning and purpose for their existence. Carrie, as one of such, senses
that she is merely a cipher in an nearing world yet seeks to grasp the
mysteries of life and there-by satisfies her desire for social status and
material comfort
嘉莉妹妹強調德萊塞自然主義， 自然主義強調人被遺傳，本能同
機遇,人們拒絕接受他們的命運, 努力尋找一種存在方式。嘉莉妹妹
就是其中一員， 經過一連串的事件， 嘉莉妹妹取得了名益和享受
2. Henry James is generally regard as the forerunner of the 20th century “stream
of consciouseness”novels and the founder of psychological realism.Based on
his work”Daisy Miller”, briefly discuss why he achieved this glory
James’s fame generally rests upon his novels and stories with the
international theme
A. James’s fame generally rests upon his novels and stories with the
international theme
B.
C.
D.
V.
Henry James’ literary criticism is an indispensable part of his
contribution to literature. It is both concerned with form and devoted to
human values
James’ emphasis on psychology and on the human consciousness proves
to be a big breakthrough in novel writing and has great influece on the
coming generations
Henry James is not only one of the most important realists of the period
before the First World War, but also the most expert stylist of his time
重點難點舉例點評:
1.
How is naturalism reflected in the 19th century American fiction?
The American naturalists accepted the more negative implications of
Darwin’s theory and used it account for the behavior of those characters in
literary works who were conceived as complex combinations of inherited
attributes. They chose subjects from the lower ranks of society and portrayed
misery and poverty of the victims of society and nature
美國自然主義作家接受了達爾文進化論的負面含義， 並用之來解釋文學
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作品的人物行為。 他們選取下層社會作為表現主題， 反映他們這些人
的痛苦和貧困
2.
What is the social significance of Huckleberry
Huck’s kindness and innocence froms striking contrasts with the
hypocrisies,dishonesties and cruelties of the society
哈克的善良與天真與現實社會中的虛偽，狡詐和殘酷形成了鮮明的對比
3.
What’s the theme of Daisy Miller
Daisy Miller embodies the spirit of the New World, but her innocence, an
admiring hut a dangerous quality, and her defiance of social taboos 禁忌 in
the Old World brings her to a disaster in the clash between two different
culture
黛西。米勒是美國的精神的代表， 他的天真是令人羨慕而又具危險性質
的， 她對歐洲社會禁忌的公然篾視， 最終給她帶來了兩種文化沖突的
災難
4.
Closely related to Emily Dickinson’s religious poetry are her poems
concerning death and immotality
狄金森與宗教有關的詩是關於死亡和不朽的詩
5. “I like to see it lap the miles”is a poem written by Emily Dicknson
我喜歡看它奔馳數裡 是狄金森的作品
VI. 歷年考題分析
1. Who exerts the single most important influence on literary naturalism, of which
Theodor Dreiser and Jack London are among the best representative writes
Darwin
達爾文的進化論對美國人思想的影響是美國自然主產生的一個重要因素
2. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers , is well known for
his Local color
3. In American Literature, escaping from the society and returning to nature is a
common subject. The following titles are all related , in one way or other, to the
subject Except
A. Mark Twain’s the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
B. Dreiser’s Sister Carrie
C. Cooper’s Leader---stocking tale
D. Thoreau’s Walden
嘉莉妹妹中， 德萊塞通過說明無目的生活和抨擊世俗的道德標準來表現他
自然主義的創作追求
4. Emily dickinson worte many short poems on various aspect life, which of the
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following is not a usuall subject of her poetic expression?
A.
B.
C.
Religion
Life and death
Love and marriage
D.
War and peace
5. The literary character of the American type in early 19th century are generally
characterized by all the following features Except that they
A. Speak local dialects
B.
C.
Are polite and elegant gentlemen
Are simple and crude famers
D. Are noble savages(red and white)untainted by society
美國現實主義時期文學作品中的特點
6. This is my letter to the world is a poetic expression of Emily Dickinson’s anxiety
about her communication with the out side world
這是我給世界的一封信 表達作者深居簡出卻又渴望與外界交流的不安心態
7. With Howells, James , and Mark Twain active on the literary scence, Realism
became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of the
19th century
8. after the Adventures of Tom sawyer, Twain gives a literary independence to Tom’s
buddy Huck in book entitled the adventures of Huckleberry Finn
9. ??
10. generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality
tend to be pessimists 悲觀的
現實主義作家接受了適者生存理論的負面含義， 認為人的行為受社會和經濟
支配， 由於缺乏理性， 人隻是環境的一部分。沒有選擇的自由，自然主義
產生於現實主義， 隻是在創作上， 更具讞刺意味， 更加悲觀
11. Emily Dickinson wrote many sort poems on various aspects of life, which of the
following is NOT a usual subject of her poetic expression? D
A. Religion and immortalty
B. Life and death
C. Love and marriage
D. War and peace
12. Why are naturalists inevitably pessimistic in their view?
Please discuss the above question in relation to the basic principles of literary
naturalism
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A.
B.
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They accept the negative implication of Darwin’s theory of evolution, and
believe that society is a “jungle” where survival struggles go on
They believe that man’s instinct , the environment and other social and
economic force play an overwhelming role and man’s fate is “determined
“ by such forces beyong his control
13. Even then he stood there, hidden wholly in that kindness which is night, while
the uprising fumes filled the room. When the odor reached his nostrils, he
quit his attitude and fumbled for the bed
What is the use? He said, weakly , as he stretched himself to rest
The above is quoted from Thoedore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie. Briefly tell the
situation that leeds to the suicide and interpret Hurstwood’s final
words—What’s the use?
A. Sister Carrie has a great success, As her fame arises, she deserts her former
lover Hurstwood. In a cold winter Hurstwood makes a last attempt to seek
B.
help for Carrie, but has failed , so indesperation, he decides to kill himself by
turning on the gas
By making that comment , Hurstwood seems to have realized that it is
useless to continue to flight against fate. His fate is not controlled by his own
efforts but by some social forces too strong for him to resist, so he decides to
give up
14. Mark Twain presented the 19th century America in his own unique way,
discuss Twain’s art of fiction:the setting, the language, and the characters, etc.
based on his novel The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn
A. Mark Twain uses the Mississippi alley as his fictional kingdom, writing about
the landscape and people, the customs and the dialects of one particular
region, and therefore known as a local colorist
B. He creats life—like characters, especially the unconventional Huckleberry
Finn, who runs away from civilization and stands opposite to convencious
village morality
C.
D.
He uses a simple, direct ernacular language, totally different from any
precious literary language. It is the kind of colloquial language, belonging to
the lower class, the living local American English
He has created a special humor to satirize social injustices and the decayed
convention
15. Summerize the story of Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
in about 100 words, and comment on the theme of the novel.
A. Mark Twain’s novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a sequel to The
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Adventures of Tom Sawyer, the story take place along the Mississippi River
B.
C.
D.
E.
before the Civil War in the United States around 1850
Along the river, floats a small raft, with two people on it;one is an ignorant ,
uneducated Black slave named Jim and the other is a little uneducated outcast
white boy about the age of thirteen, called Huckleberry Finn or Huck Finn
The novel related the story of the escape of Jim from slavery and , more
important , how Huck Finn, floating along with Jim and helping him as best
he could, changes his mind, his prejudice, about Black people , and comes to
accept Jim as man and as a close friend as well
During their journey, they experience as series of adventures:coming across
two frauds, the Duke and the king , witnessing the lynching and murder of a
harmless drunkard,being lost in a fog and finally Tom’s coming to rescue
The theme of the novel may be best summed in a word “Freedom”, Huck
wants to escape from the bond of civilization and Jim wants to escape from
the yoke of slavery. Mark Twain uses the raft’s journey down the mississippi
River to express his thematic conatrats between innocence and experience,
nature and culture,wilderness and civilization