Download Aetiology

Questions of medical microbiology – actual, valid for autumn semester 2015/16
Practical tasks are not published for students, it is necessary to learn the topics of both semesters (including
understanding the principles of tasks).
General microbiology
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Morphology of bacteria, composition of a bacterial cell
Bacterial metabolism
Microorganisms and environment, growth and multiplication of bacteria, cultivation of bacteria
Bacterial genetics
Course, form and outcome of an infection
Forms and mechanisms of transmission and spreading of infections
Pathogenicity and virulence
Invasivity factors
Ability of microorganisms to break through host defence mechanisms
Microbial toxicity
Damage as result of host defence reactions
Antiinfective immunity – survey, microbial antigens
Principles and mechanisms of specific (acquired) antimicrobial immunity – cell mediated
Principles and mechanisms of specific (acquired) antimicrobial immunity – humoral (antibodies and
their production and importance)
Principles and mechanisms of non-specific (innate) antimicrobial immunity – humoral components,
barriers against colonisation and invasion of microbes
Principles and mechanisms of non-specific (innate) antimicrobial immunity – cell components,
phagocytosis
Serology reactions – principles, interpretation of results
Normal human microbial flora – composition and importance (resident and transient flora)
Nature and classification of viruses, virion structure, viral genetics
Multiplication of viruses. Influence of viral infection on a cell
Course, forms and pathogenesis of viral infections
Viruses and environment, inactivation of viruses
Host protection against viral infections
General properties of fungi and their pathogenicity
Basic terms of parasitology, differences from other branches of microbiology
Antimicrobial therapy
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Survey and practical use of disinfection, multi-step disinfection and higher step disinfection
Survey and practical use of sterilization, use of bioindicators
Effects of antimicrobial drugs on microbes
Undesirable effects of antibiotics
Resistance of microbes to antimicrobial drugs and antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Clinically important resistances (MRSA, MLS, VRE, betalactamases and karbapenemases) and
their detection
Antibiotic and non-antibiotic treatment of biofilm infections, control of effectivity of such a
treatment
Basic principles of antimicrobial therapy – choice of antibiotics
Antibiotic centre, rational antibiotic therapy and prophylaxis
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Monobactams and karbapenems
Tetracyclines, glycylcyclines and chloramphenicole
Aminoglykosides
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Macrolids and azalids
Linkosamides, streptogramins, oxazolidinons
Glykopeptides, (lipoglykopeptids), polypeptides and ansamycins
Quinolones and fluoroquinolones
Other antibacterial chemoterapeutics – antagonists of folic acid, nitrofurans, nitroimidazoles
Antituberculotics, basic principles of therapy of mycobacterial infections
Antimycotics for both topical and general therapy
Prevention, prophylaxis of viral infections
Antivirotics
Antiparasital drugs
Artificial active immunisation – principle, types of vaccines, practical use (regular and other
vaccines)
Regular vaccination compulsory and voluntary, vaccination and chemoprophylaxis when travelling
abroad
Artificial passive immunisation
Aetiology
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Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of sepsis
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of infectious endocarditis
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of infections related to the presence of implants and biofilm
formation (including catheter sepsis)
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of rhinitis, sinusitis and middle ear infections
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of tonsillitis, pharyngitis and tonsilopharyngitis
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of respiratory infections – laryngitis, epiglottitis, tracheitis
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of eye infections
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of lower respiratory tract infections and lungs – bronchitis,
community acquired pneumonia
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of lower respiratory tract infections and lungs – nosocomial
pneumonia and subacute or chronic lung infections
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of infections of oral cavity and oesophagus infections and
gastric diseases with partially microbial aetiology
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of intestinal infections
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of enterotoxicoses
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of bile ways and liver infections
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of purulent meningitis
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of CNS infections and otitis interna (except purulent
meningitis)
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of UTI
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of classical sexually transmitted infections
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of infections of reproductive organs other than classical STIs
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of infections of wounds and soft tissues
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of infections of bones and joints
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of bacterial skin and external ear infections
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of skin mycoses
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of viral and parasital infections with skin symptoms
Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of congenital and neonatal infections and infections of mother
and child after delivery
Aetiology of infection of immunocompromised patients
Aetiology of nosocomial infections
Special bacteriology (biology, pathogenesis, clinical description of infection, prevention,
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diagnostics, therapy)
Genus Pseudomonas
Other Gram-negative non-fermenters (especially genera Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas,
Acinetobacter)
Genus Bordetella
Genera Brucella and Francisella
Genus Legionella
Genus Campylobacter
Genus Helicobacter
Characteristics, medical importance and laboratory diagnostics of infections of family
Entrobacteriaceae
Genus Yersinia
Genus Salmonella
Genus Shigella
Genus Escherichia
Conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria other than Escherichia
Genus Vibrio
Genera Pasteurella, Aeromonas and Plesiomonas
Genus Haemophilus
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitidis
Oral neisseriae, genera Moraxella, Actinobacillus, Eikenella, Kingella
Staphylococcus aureus
Coagulase-negative staphylococci
Streptococcus pyogenes, late (sterile) sequels of streptococcal infections
Streptococcus agalactiae and other beta-haemolytic streptococci
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Viridans streptococci (except S. pneumoniae)
Genus Enterococcus
Genus Bacillus
Genera Listeria and Erysipelothrix
Genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium
Genus Corynebacterium and Arcanobacterium
Genera Nocardia, Rhodococcus and Rothia
Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani
Clostridium difficile
Anaerobic traumatose clostridia
Spore non-forming gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobes
Genera Actinomyces, Propionibacterium
Mykobacteria causing tuberculosis
Mycobacterium leprae and so called atypical mycobacteria
Genera Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
Genera Chlamydia and Chlamydophila
Genera Rickettsia and Orientia
Genera Anaplasma and Ehrlichia
Genus Bartonella and Coxiella burnetii
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato
Genus Borrelia – causative agents of relapsing fevers and other borrelias (other than B. burgdorferi
sensu lato)
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Genus Treponema
Genus Leptospira
Special mycology
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Mycotoxins
Genus Candida
Genus Cryptococcus and other yeast genera except Candida
Genera Pneumocystis and Microsporidium
Dimorph micromycets (especially Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Paracoccidioides, Blastomyces,
Penicillium marneffei)
Filamentous micromycets – hyaline and pigmented (except zygomycets and dermatophytes),
aspergillosis
Zygomycets
Dermatophytes
Pathogenous algae and cyanobacteria
Special virology
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Genus Enterovirus (except polioviruses)
Polioviruses
Viruses of hepatis A and E
Reoviruses (especially genus Rotavirus), kaliciviruses and astroviruses
Genus Rhinovirus and Coronavirus
Genus Alphavirus. Arboviruses
Genus Rubivirus
Genus Flavivirus (except viruses of tick-borne encephalitis)
Viruses of tick-borne encephalitis (including louping ill and russian spring-summer encephalitis)
Genus Hepacivirus – HCV
Retroviruses and virus of human immunodeficiency
Orthomyxoviruses
Genera Respirovirus and Pneumovirus
Genus Rubulavirus
Genus Morbillivirus
Genus Lyssavirus
Bynyaviruses, arenaviruses and filoviruses
Genus Erythrovirus
Human papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses
Adenoviruses
Genus Simplexvirus
Genus Varicellovirus
Genus Cytomegalovirus and other herpetic viruses (HHV 6, 7, 8)
Genus L ymphocryptovirus
Genus Orthohepadnavirus and hepatitis D virus
Poxviruses
Prionic agents
Importance of bacteriophages in medicine
Parasitology
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Genus Trypanosoma
Genus Leishmania
Medically important amoebae
Gairdia (Lamblia) intestinalis; Trichomonas vaginalis
Intestinal coccidias. Balantidium coli
Toxoplasma gondii
Genera Plasmodium and Babesia
Medically important flukes
Taenia saginata, Taenia solium
Medically important tapeworms other than Teaenia (both intestinal and tissue tapeworms)
Enterobius vermicularis
Ascaris lumbricoides, Genus Toxocara
Other intestinal nematodes (Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichuris trichiura, Ancylostoma duodenale
and Necator americanus)
Trichinella spiralis, Dracunculus medinensis, survey of filariae
Medically important acarids
Medically important insects and annelidans
In Brno, 13th November 2015
Assoc. prof. Filip Růžička, M. D., Ph.D.,
Head of Institute for Microbiology
MF of MU and St. Ann FH in Brno