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opportunity cost production possibilities frontier (PPF) law of increasing opportunity cost technical efficiency & inefficiency comparative & absolute advantage Pareto and Kaldor-Hicks efficiency supply & demand determinants and shifts equilibrium price controls welfare analysis consumer/producer surplus dead-weight loss transfer elasticity of demand tax incidence budget constraint shifts from income changes shifts from price changes slope (price ratio) and intercepts preferences indifference curves assumptions about preferences marginal rate of substitution consumer choice deriving the demand curve income & substitution effects normal v. Giffen goods inferior v. superior goods complements v. substitutes short-run v. long-run fixed and variable inputs ATC, AVC, AFC, and MC cost minimization LRATC economies/diseconomies of scale profit maximization marginal revenue shut-down decision perfect competition deriving firm's supply curve entry and exit p = MC, p = lowest ATC long-run supply curve single-price monopoly multi-price monopoly price discrimination natural monopoly game theory dominant strategy dominant strategy equilibrium Nash equilibrium games to know: prisoners' dilemma duopoly cartelization drug lord and mule offensive/defensive advertising battle of the sexes sides of the road market segmentation chicken Cournot & Bertrand models of duopoly subgame perfection backwards induction repeated games cartelization trigger strategies probability and expected value attitudes toward risk neutral, averse, loving certainty equivalent insurance fair insurance minimum & maximum premiums adverse selection moral hazard externalities positive, negative marginal social cost/benefit Coase Theorem tragedy of the commons public goods non-excludability non-rivalry public choice economics symmetry assumption public interest assumption rational non-voting rational ignorance dispersed costs, concentrated benefits rent-seeking