Download EXTRA 2014 final exam review terms

SBI4U
FINAL EXAM REVIEW
COMPREHENSIVE LIST OF MAJOR CONCEPTS and TERMS
June 2014
UNIT 1
Organelles
-know the
role/function
Nucleus, nucleolus, smooth/rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus/body,
lysosome, perioxisome, mitochondria, ribosome, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall,
central vacuole, vesicle, cytoskeleton, microfilaments
Cell Membrane and Fluid mosaic model,
Transport
Hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic, osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, protein
channel/carrier, active transport pump, endocytosis, exocytosis
Chemical
Fundamentals
covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, polar, non-polar, hydrophobic, hydrophilic
Functional Groups
Hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, ketone, aldehyde, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate group
Types of Reactions
Condensation / Dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, anabolic, catabolic,
redox, oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agent, reducing agent, redox in biological systems
(covalent molecules),
Macro-molecules
-definitions
-structure
-functional groups
-properties
-diagrams
-function
-examples
Macromolecule
carbohydrate, monosaccharide, glucose, isomer, disaccharide, oligosaccharide,
polysaccharide, amylose, amylopectin, cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin, glycosidic
linkage
lipids, fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, saturated, unsaturated, hydrogenation, ester
linkage
protein, amino acids, peptide bonds, conformation, globular proteins, amino terminus,
carboxy terminus, alpha helix, beta-pleated sheets, disulfide bridges, side chain
interactions, polypeptide, denaturation
nucleic acids, nucleotide, glycosyl bond, hydrogen bonds, phosphodiester bonds, DNA,
RNA, examples of other nucleotides
Enzymes
Enzymes, substrate, reactant, product, active site, induced-fit model, enzyme-substrate
complex, allosteric sites, activator, competitive inhibitors, non-competitive inhibitors,
allosteric inhibitors
UNIT 2
Energy
Metabolism, catabolic, anabolic, activation energy, potential energy, free energy, ATP
Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration, oxygen availability, substrate level phosphorylation, electron carriers,
ATP
Glycolysis
Glycolysis, glucose activation/priming, sugar splitting, oxidation, substrate-level
phosphorylation, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, DHAP, pyruvate, energy yield, anaerobic,
F1,6BP, 1-3BPG, PEP
Mitochondria
Eukaryotic, cristae, matrix, intermembrane space, outer membrane, inner membrane
Pyruvate Oxidation Decarboxylation, oxidation, co-enzyme A, acetyl co-enzyme A, coenzyme, products
Kreb's Cycle
Cycle, oxaloacetate, citric acid, succinate, fumerate, malate, succinyl-CoA, alpha ketoglutarate, isocitrate, GTP, coenzyme A, yield of: ATP, CO2, NADH, FADH2
ETC
Cytochromes, NADH dehydrogenase, ubiquinone, proton pumps, proton gradient, inner
mitochondrial membrane, intermembrane space, free energy, protons, electrons, oxygen,
water, chemiosmosis, proton motive force, ATP synthase, matrix, oxidative
phosphorylation, energy yield per NADH, FADH2, overall
Anaerobic
Respiration
Fermentation, lactic acid fermentation, ethanol fermentation, oxygen debt,
acetylaldehyde, lactic acid, role of NADH, anaerobic
Photosynthesis
Chloroplast, outer membrane, inner membrane, stroma, thylakoids, lamellae, grana,
chlorophyll, thylakoid membrane, thylakoid lumen, intermembrane space, action
spectrum, absorption spectrum, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, accessory pigments,
saturation level, rate of photosynthesis with varying amounts of light, CO2
Light Reactions
Light reactions, photoexcitation, electron transport, chemiosmosis, non-cyclic electron
flow, cyclic electron flow
ground state, excitation, antenna complex, reaction centre, photosystems I and II, Z
protein, photolysis, photophosphorylation, ETC, proton gradient, NADP reductase
Calvin Cycle
Calvin cycle, carbon fixation, reduction reactions, regeneration of RuBP, RuBP, rubisco,
G3P, starch
Bioremediation
Bioremediation
UNIT 3
DNA History
Miescher, Griffith, Avery/McCarty/MacLeod, Chargraff, Hershey/Chase, Franklin,
Waston/Crick, , transformation, nuclein, pus, virulent, non-virulent, radioisotopes, X-ray
diffraction, bacteriophage,
DNA Structure
Nucleotide, deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base, phosphodiester bond,
glycosyl bond, hydrogen bonds, purine, pyrimidine, complementary base pairing, antiparallel, 5', 3'
DNA Replication
Meselsson and Stahl, semiconservative, Origin of replication, ORC, DNA helicase,
Topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase), DNA polymerase III/I, RNA primers, primase,
exonuclease, SSBs, anneal, template, replication fork, replication bubble, lagging strand,
leading strand, Okazaki fragments, DNA ligase
Protein Synthesis:
Transcription
RNA polymerase, promoter, upstream, template strand, coding strand, stop sequence,
capping, poly A tail, introns, exons, spliceosomes, mRNA, primary transcript, poly-A
polymerase
Protein Synthesis:
Translation
rRNA, ribosomes, subunits, AUG, Acceptor site, Peptide site, catalytic site, exit site,
tRNA, codon, stop codon, release factor protein, anticodon, methionine, polypeptide
Gene Regulation
Transcription factors, operon, operator, promoter, regulator, structural genes, repressor,
inducer, lac operon on/off
Biotechnology
Restriction endonucleases, gel electrophoresis, recombinant DNA, plasmid,
transformation, vector, host cell
Mutations
Point, deletion, insertion, substitution, missense, translocation, silent, frameshift,
chromosomal duplication, inversion, deletion, translocation,
UNIT 4
Homeostasis
Homeostasis/dynamic equilibrium, negative/positive feedback, effector, regulator,
coordinating centre, sensor, monitor, oxytocin, thermoregulation, feedback loops,
hypothalamus, evaporative cooling
Endocrine System
Endocrine, hormones, target organs/cells/tissues, receptor, steroid hormone, protein
hormone, hormone-receptor complex, pituitary gland, anterior/posterior lobe,
hypothalamus, releasing factors
Blood sugar levels, pancreas, islets of Langerhans, alpha cells, beta cells, insulin,
glucagon, glycogen, liver/muscles, feedback loop, diabetes types and symptoms
Testes, seminiferous tubules, interstitial cells, Sertoli cells, testosterone, sperm, inhibin,
GnRH, LH, FSH, feedback loop
Ovaries, follicles, follicular cells, ova/ovum, corpus luteum, estrogen, progesterone,
ovulation, menstruation, endometrium lining, follicular phase, luteal phase, flow phase,
feedback loop
Excretory System
Deamination, ammonia, urea, uric acid,
kidney, renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis, nephron, afferent arteriole, efferent
arteriole, peritubular capillaries, Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, distal tubule, loop of
Henle, collecting ducts, urethra, urinary sphincter, urinary bladder
filtration, reabsorption (solutes and water, active and passive/osmosis), secretion, Na+
pumps, threshold levels
water balance, ADH, osmoreceptors, hypothalamus, osmotic pressure
diabetes insipidus, Bright’s disease, kidney stones
Nervous System
CNS, PNS, neuron, sensory neuron, glial cells, motor neuron, interneuron, dendrites,
axon, myelin sheath, Schwann cells, nodes of Ranvier, neurilemma, spinal cord injury,
reflex arc, grey matter, white matter
action potential, resting potential, ion gates, depolarization, sodium-potassium pump,
repolarization, refractory period, threshold level, all-or-none response, hyperpolarized
synapse, neurotransmitter, presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, acetylcholine,
cholinesterase, inhibitory, excitatory, summation
UNIT 5
Population
Characteristics
Population size, density, crude density, ecological density, uniform dispersion, clumped
dispersion, random dispersion, sampling techniques, mark-recapture method, quadrat
sampling
Measuring
Population Change
Carrying capacity, natality, mortality, immigration, emigration, survivorship curves,
population change (%), biotic potential, fecundity, fertility, open population, closed
population, Geometrical Exponential, Logistic
Factors Affecting
Population Change
Density-dependent factors, intraspecific competition, predation, Allee effect, inbreeding
depression, minimum viable population size, density independent factors, Change affects
entire hierarchy of ecosystem
Interactions within
Communities
Community, ecological niche, interspecific competition, symbiosis, parasitism,
mutualism, commensalism
Interference competition, exploitative competition, resource partitioning, predator-prey
relationships, defense mechanisms, morphological, chemical, passive, active, mimicry
(Batesian/Mullerian)
Food Industry
Industrialization, agriculture, packaging, transportation, food miles, waste, distribution,
consumption, fossil fuels (including fertilizers, pesticides), water efficiency
Ecological
Footprint / LPI
Ecological footprint, living planet index, sustainability