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Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders Chapter 10 Chapter Outline Psychotic Disorders Characterized by unusual thinking, distorted perceptions, and odd behaviors Psychosis – a severe mental condition characterized by a loss of contact with reality Delusion – a false belief Hallucination – a false sensory perception What Is Schizophrenia? A severe psychological disorder characterized by disorganization in thought, perception, and behavior -First defined over 100 years ago by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin -Dementia praecox -Dementia (pervasive disturbances of perceptual and cognitive faculties) -Praecox (early life onset) -Schizophrenia vs. DID Schizophrenia in Depth: Positive Symptoms Group of symptoms including unusual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors Persecutory delusions Delusions of influence Loose associations Thought blocking Clang associations Catatonia and waxy flexibility Schizophrenia in Depth: Negative Symptoms Behaviors, emotions, or thought processes that are absent in people with schizophrenia Blunted affect Anhedonia Avolition Alogia Psychomotor retardation Cognitive impairments Functional Impairment of Schizophrenia Symptom severity equals the level of impairment Significant human toll on the individual and the family (quality of life) One of the top ten most debilitating conditions in the world (DALY) Cultural factors Violence …violent acts committed by people with schizophrenia is higher than the rates of violence from the general population. Some researchers have reported that 8% of patients committed a violent act upon being discharged from a hospital stay, and 15% committed a violent act after their first year of being hospitalized. Epidemiology of Schizophrenia Prevalence rates averages 1% to 0.3 to 1.6% of U.S. general population 16 to 40 of every 100,000 people develop schizophrenia Gradual onset (some deterioration of functioning) Prodromal phase (social withdrawal or deterioration in hygiene) Acute phase (starts to exhibit positive symptoms) Residual phase (psychotic symptoms are no longer present but negative symptoms remain) Sex, Race, Ethnicity, and Development Women (develop schizophrenia at a later age and tend to have milder forms) Developmental factors Hormonal and sociocultural implications Symptoms common across racial and ethnic groups African Americans (more likely to be diagnosed than white and Latino patients) EOS (schizophrenia that develops before the age of 18) Ethics and Responsibility Racial bias is a real factor in the diagnosis of Schizophrenia Determine diagnosis based solely on a person’s symptoms without knowing race Inaccurate diagnosis may result Inattention to cultural different behavior Lack of cultural competence among clinicians Language barriers Few bilingual therapists Diagnostic errors Other Psychotic Disorders Brief psychotic disorder (sudden onset of psychotic symptoms does not last for more than a month) Schizophreniform disorder (identical to schizophrenia but the illness is less than 6 months) Schizoaffective disorder (patient suffers from schizophrenia and depression, main, or mixed) Delusional disorder (presence of nonbizarre delusion) Shared psychotic disorder (two people sharing a delusional belief) Etiology _Biological -Dopamine hypothesis (the presence of too much dopamine in the neural synapse) -Neurotransmitters -Genetics -Neuroanatomy (structural and functional abnormalities in the brain) -Viral theories and prenatal stressors -Synaptic pruning (process in which weaker synaptic contacts in the brain are eliminated and stronger connections strengthened) Genetics and Environment: Schizophrenia 1. A research study found that 36.8% of the biological children of schizophrenic mothers who were raised in “disordered” family environment developed a “schizophrenic spectrum disorder.” Fact: Both genetic and environmental factors increase the risk of psychotic disorders, but even without the genetic risk and “healthy family environment,” 4.8% of individuals still develop the disorder. Evidence: The research shows both factors play a role. Etiology _Family Influences -The cause of the disorder is not the same as what people believe is responsible for their suffering -Expressed emotion (describes the level of emotional involvement and attitudes that exist within a family of a patient with schizophrenia) -A variety of cultural explanations for the disorder (biological, social, supernatural, and family environment) -Gene-environment correlation (the same person who provides one’s genetic make-up also provides the environment in which one lives) Treatment of Schizophrenia_Pharmacological -Antipsychotics (a class of medications that block dopamine receptors) -Typical antipsychotics (medications that reduce the positive symptoms) -Atypical antipsychotics (medications that treat positive symptoms, less likely to produce side effects, and affect negative symptoms and cognitive impairments) -Side effects -Tardive dyskinesia (abnormal and involuntary motor movements of the face, mouth, limbs, and trunk) Treatment of Schizophrenia_Psychosocial -Psychoeducation (both patient and family members are educated about disorder) -CBT (used to reduce or eliminate psychotic symptoms) -Social skills training (teaches the basics of social interaction and both verbal and nonverbal skills) -Supported employment (a psychosocial intervention that provides job skills) Research Hot Topic: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Goal (provide stimulation to a targeted area of the cerebral cortex to change brain activity) Use of small coil placed over the scalp to induce electrical current Based on neuroimaging studies Decreases (temporarily) the frequency of hallucinations Reduction in positive symptoms (reduced frequency of voices and reduced distraction) Does not reduce delusions Time-limited results and need for further studies