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Standard Grade Drama Body of Knowledge Pupil Name____________________ Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 1 DRAMA Drama is a representation of life consciously created through different forms and styles, using language and movement activities single or in combination. Drama explores the relationships between: People People and ideas People and the environment The most common approach to drama is through: Improvisation Spontaneous Improvisation Rehearsed Improvisation Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 2 Part One THE DRAMA PROCESS Devised Drama In devising a presentation from a stimulus a process can be identified: 1) 2) 3) Responding to stimulus Offering ideas Discussing and selecting ideas for situations and roles 4) Agreeing form, structuring and devices 5) Setting up space 6) Rehearsing 7) Reviewing 8) Adding theatre arts 9) Presenting to an audience 10) Evaluating Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 3 SISASROTPE If this is all too much for you, then you can use the abbreviated version – SISASROTPE Stimulus Ideas Situations and Roles Agreeing Form, Structure and Devices Setting up space Rehearsing Ongoing Reviewing Theatre Arts Presenting Evaluating Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 4 STIMULUS All drama is anything that presentation. starting point a response to a stimulus. A stimulus is suggests ideas that can be developed into a A stimulus could also be described as a for drama, e.g. pictures props scripts location stories people costume newspaper articles words situations music/sound/FX Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 5 CREATING AND PRESENTING This is the process which begins with stimulus and ends with summative evaluation. CREATING involves the evolution of content and roles through practical investigation, experimentation and problem-solving. PRESENTING involves the review of the creating process, decision-making, rehearsal, presentation and evaluation. EVALUATION EVALUATION is the process of reflecting, reviewing and target-setting. It can be continuous or summative and can be of self or others. Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 6 Continuous evaluation (ongoing reviewing) involves evaluation during the Creating and Presenting process, without which the drama cannot develop. Summative evaluation involves retrospective judgement in order to learn from experience and set future targets. We evaluate by using: individual reflection group discussion teacher input video/audio review written tasks taped responses This should involve: Outlining the work undertaken/seen giving opinions on effectiveness justifying these opinions suggesting improvements Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 7 Part Two Component Parts LANGUAGE AND VOICE LANGUAGE AND VOICE are dependent on situation, role and purpose. LANGUAGE is what we say or write (vocabulary and order). VOICE is how we communicate verbally (meaning, expression and delivery). VOICE is given meaning and expression through the use of: accent pace volume clarity emphasis pause pitch tone articulation fluency intonation register Foundation General Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge Credit 8 MOVEMENT MOVEMENT is a way of exploring and expressing ideas, emotions, symbols and relationships. It can be naturalistic, as in its use to aid characterisation, or stylised, expressing abstract ideas, as in dance/drama, mime, mask and dance. Improvised movement may provide opportunities for a personalised response. Rehearsed movement may allow participants to develop their own ideas or lead to more stylised movement. Naturalistic movement, as in characterisation, involves: Foundation General Credit body language facial expression gesture eye contact posture use of space Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 9 Stylised movement, as in expressing abstract ideas involves: Foundation General Credit Balance Speed Timing Positioning Use of levels Use of space Rhythm Stance Use of direction MIME Mime is a stylised form of movement, which creates an illusion of reality. To be effective, mimed movement should be: Simple Precise Exaggerated Clear Slow Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 10 ROLE-PLAY ROLE-PLAY is a means of exploring attitudes and beliefs. It is an activity in which participants investigate and develop an imaginary situation either as themselves or from the point of view of someone else. They are simply representing a point of view, which may or may not agree with their personal opinion. It is likely to be open-ended with no pre-determined path, but the purpose and starting point should be clear. It is essentially a language-based activity, which allows participants to use language appropriate to simulated situations. Participants should be able to adopt roles in simulated situations and sustain attitudes and beliefs, using appropriate language. Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 11 CHARACTERISATION CHARACTERISATION is the investigation and portrayal, in depth, of a specific role. It can build on role-play by adding individual physical and mental characteristics. The theatre arts of costume, make-up and props may be used to develop and present a character. When developing a character, consideration should be given to the: social, economic and cultural background of the character relationships with other characters in the drama portrayal of character in terms of language, voice and movement Status and changes in status of the characters involved Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 12 Characterisation Techniques A variety of techniques can be used in the investigation of characterisation: Foundation General Credit character cards improvisation role-play hot-seating voices in the head writing in role thought tracking thought tunnel Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 13 PURPOSE The PURPOSE / PURPOSES of a presentation must be established in order to communicate meaning. FOCUS will indicate key movements or scenes, key characters, key relationships or key events within a presentation. It is important to realise that the focus of a scene makes us understand it. A presentation can be used for the following purposes, either singly or in combination to: Foundation General Credit communicate a message entertain tell a story educate explore a theme or issue explore and experience (e.g. through audience participation / forum theatre) Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 14 FORM FORM is the overall style of the drama: Foundation General Credit a play (scripted or improvised) dance drama mime monologue movement musical pantomime comedy tragedy docu-drama forum theatre Within these forms, each of which has conventions associated with it, there is the opportunity to experiment with both the structures of the presentation and the conventions which enhance it. Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 15 STRUCTURE STRUCTURE is the way in which time, place and action are sequenced. A linear or chronological structure involves the action unfolding from beginning to middle to end. A nonlinear structure involves the action unfolding through shifts in time (flashback / flashforward) and/or place. CONVENTIONS CONVENTIONS (devices) are presenting part(s) of a drama. Foundation flashback / flashforward freeze frame frozen picture mime monologue movement slow motion alternative General ways of Credit narration voice over aside soliloquay tableau(x) Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 16 MOOD AND ATMOSPHERE MOOD AND ATMOSPHERE concern the feelings and emotions aroused by the drama and therefore involve an audience response to what is being seen and heard. There is a link between mood and atmosphere and tension. TENSION TENSION is the driving force in drama. It causes others to want to know what is going to happen next and sustains interest and momentum. It creates challenges and prevents the drama becoming superficial or boring. There is a link between dramatic tension and mood and atmosphere. Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 17 Tension can be created through: Foundation General Credit movement shock or surprise silence action conflict and confrontation mystery relationships and status threat or pressure dramatic irony Acting techniques can be used to heighten tension and create mood and atmosphere: Foundation General Credit movement pace pause silence voice eye contact moves physical contact contrast positioning timing Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 18 Theatre Arts can be used to heighten tension and create mood and atmosphere, through: Foundation General Credit Costume Lighting (LFX) Music Make-up Masks Props Sound Effects (SFX) Set Special Effects staging Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 19 THEATRE ARTS THEATRE ARTS is the collective name for lighting, sound, costume, props, make-up and set design. Design concepts are a director’s idea on how theatre arts can reflect and emphasise the themes/issues of a presentation, its characters, mood, tension and atmosphere. Taking responsibility for theatre arts involves the ability to: select, organise, list and use costume know the function of lighting, select effects and use a cue sheet select, organise and use make-up select/collate, organise, list and use props select, organise and compile a ground plan for a set design know the function of sound, select sound effects and use a cue sheet Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 20 When assuming responsibility for any of the THEATRE ARTS, the following process can be identified: * familiarisation with script or scenario * identification of needs * liaison with director and fellow designers * preparation of initial designs * preparation/organisation of materials * implementation * refinement/adjustment in the light of experience * finalisation * operation * removal/storage/resetting as appropriate Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 21 DIRECTING DIRECTING is the process of interpreting a script or scenario and realising it in performance in conjunction with actors and design team members. DESIGN CONCEPTS are a director’s ideas on how theatre arts can reflect and emphasise the themes and issues of a drama, its characters, mood atmosphere and tension. A script or scenario may be all, or part of, a published or original work. A director assumes responsibility for: the interpretation of script / scenario, including punctuation inferences. Design concepts Casting the rehearsal process Blocking communicating/ liaising with actors and design team Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 22 SCRIPT A script consists of the written words of a drama. A script may be published or original work. The conventions associated with a script include: Division of the script into acts and /or scenes. A description of the set for each act / scene An indication of changes of time and place for each act / scene The allocation of lines to actors The inclusion of stage-directions Recommendation on the use of theatre arts to enhance the action. These conventions should apply in the reading, writing and interpretation of scripts. Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 23 THE ACTING AREA The acting area is that part of available space occupied by the set and used by the actors when acting. Staging is the position of the acting area relative to the audience. Types of staging are; Foundation General Credit End on Theatre in the Round Thrust Proscenium Arch Avenue Promenade Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 24 Areas of the stage indicate the division of the acting area into nine sections. The allocation of left and right is taken from the actor’s point of view. USR USC USL CSR CS CSL DSR DSC DSL FOUNDATION / GENERAL / CREDIT Set is the scenery and furniture on the acting area indicating the setting (place). To dress the set is to add soft furnishings and set props. A ground plan is a bird’s eye view of the set, showing furniture, entrances / exits and the position of the audience. Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 25 GROUND PLAN A ground plan is a ‘bird’s eye’ view of the acting area which shows the furniture, entrances / exits and the position of the audience. When drawing a ground plan, remember the following: K KAVES A key Clearly showing all symbols used. A Audience / Arrow Indicated in the appropriate place. V Dramatic Viability Sightlines must be considered and the set must allow movement of actors. E Entrances / Exits Indicated by a door symbol where a door flat would be used, or arrows when walls/doors are imaginary and do not exist. S Staging / Symbols / Scale Delineation of the acting area. symbols and relative proportions. Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge Appropriate 26 KEY Table Chair Flat Window Flat Entrance / Exit (Door flat) Entrance / Exit Rostrum (plural = rostra) A rostrum is a raised platform. Treads (stairs) Arrow indicates the upwards direction. ~~~~~~ Curtain Backcloth Gauze Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 27 Foundation Terms Accent—way of speaking used in a local area or country. Audience—people watching a drama Balance– keeping an even distribution of weight Blackout—the acting area is not lit Slow fade to—the lighting is faded out slowly Fast fade to-the lighting/sound is faded out quickly Snap to-blackout is achieved instantly Body Language– messages given by the position or movement of the body. Character-specific person in a drama Characterisation-the process of fully developing a character. Conventions—alternative ways of presenting parts of a drama Costume-clothes worn by actors for their character. Creating-the process of developing a drama’s content and roles through practical exploration, experimentation and problem solving. Cross fade-to change from one lighting cue to another with no blackout in between, or to change from one sound cue to another with no silence in between. Cue-a signal for an actor to do or say something, or for a lighting or sound effect to begin or end. Dance drama-a drama presented through dance moves Dress rehearsal-final rehearsal of a drama with all the theatre arts. End on-audience seated at one end –a acting area at the other. Enter– to come on stage Evaluate—to judge the strengths and weaknesses of a drama. Exit-to leave the acting area Facial expression-look on face which shows emotion Flashback-acting out an event in the past Flash forward-acting out of a future or imagined event. Flood-lantern giving a wide spread of light Form-the overall style of a drama Freeze frame-the action is frozen in time Frozen picture-frozen picture Gel-film placed in front of lantern to change the colour of the beam. Gesture-movement of the hand or arm which communicates a meaning or emotion. Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 28 Ground plan– bird’s eye view of the set showing what is on the set, entrances/exits and position of the audience. Key-explanation of symbols on a ground plan Make-up-worn by actors for their character Masks-covering for all, or part, of the face Mime-stylised form of movement which creates an illusion of reality. Monologue-a character speaks their thoughts aloud. Movement-use of the body as a means of communication Musical—drama which includes song and/or music Pace-speed of speech or movement Pantomime—Christmas theatrical entertainment usually based on a fairy tale. Performance-presentation of a drama to an audience Personal prop—an item carried o worn by a character, eg glasses, handbag, wallet. Play-another word for a drama Presenting-the results of the Creating process including performance and evaluation. Props-short for properties –objects used by an actor Rehearsal—practice or preparation of a drama Rehearsed improvisation-drama devised/created without a script which is rehearsed before presentation. Role-play– a means of exploring attitudes and beliefs Scenario-outline of the plot of a drama, including changes in time or place. Scene-section of a drama, set in one place at one time. Set—scenery used to show where a drama takes place Set-to place a drama in a certain time or place. Set prop-an item placed on the set, usually part of it.eg lamp, clock, picture. Sight lines– what the audience sees of the stage from where they are sitting. Slow motion-movement performed at a slowed down speed. Spotlight-beam of light created by a lantern for a person or place on the acting area. Stage Directions-written or spoken how to act a drama Staging– the position of the acting area relative to the audience Stereotype-_an exaggerated portrayal of a type of person. Stimulus– anything which suggests ideas which can be developed into a drama. Structure-way in which time, place and action are sequenced. Target audience-a specific group of people at whom a drama is aimed. Tension-build up of excitement Theatre arts-the collective name for lighting, sound costume, props, make-up and set. Theatre in the round-audience seated all around the acting area. Thrust-audience seated on three sides of the acting area. Timing-speaking, moving or pausing at exactly the right moment. Volume—loudness or quietness of the voice. Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 29 General Terms Clarity—clearness of the voice Comedy-a drama which is funny/comical Dialogue– A conversation between two or more characters. Emphasis– the stress on a word or phrase Flats-wooden frames, joined together and covered with canvas, which can be painted. Door flat– frame into which a door is built Window flat-frame into which a window is built Focus-key moment, scene, character, relationship or event in a drama Focussing-positioning the lanterns to get the desired lighting Follow spot-powerful profile used to follow actors around the acting area Fresnel spot– lantern giving a soft edge beam of light Hot-seating-questioning a character in role Narration-part(s) of the drama are told as a story by a narrator Pause-a break in speaking; period of silence Pitch-how high or low the voice is Plot-storyline of the drama Posture-position of the body—how it is held Profile spot-lantern giving a hard-edged beam of light. Role-part played by an actor /attitude adopted Proscenium Arch-stage within an enclosing arch Scenery-resources used to create the setting where a drama takes place, e.g. backcloth, flats, rostra, furniture Script-the written words of a drama Spontaneous improvisation– drama created ‘on the spot’ without a script or plan Status—importance relative to others Tone-change of voice to express emotion Tragedy-a drama about unhappy events and with a sad ending Venue-place where a drama is presented Voice-over-recorded speech played during a drama Voices in the head– recall of words said by others about a character or situation. Credit Terms Articulation-clear pronunciation of words Aside-a remark to the audience only Auditorium-the area for the audience, generally filled with seats Avenue-audience seated on two sides of the acting area Backcloth-canvas cloth which covers the back of the stage: can be painted Backstage-non-acting area behind the stage Barn doors-adjustable metal flaps attached to the front of a fresnel. Blocking-deciding where and when actors will move on stage Cyclorama-the back wall of the stage which can be painted or lit. Docudrama– a documentary style drama, including reconstructions of events Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 30 Dramatic irony-actions or remarks whose significance is not realised by all the characters. Flies-area above the stage from where scenery/actors are flown in on pulleys Fluency-natural, flowing speech Forum theatre-the audience suggests changes to a drama in order to affect the outcomes Front Of House (FOH)-any job in the theatre which involves dealing with the audience, eg box office, refreshments, usher Gauze-see through material which cannot be seen through when lit from the front, but can be seen through when lit from behind. G-clamp-clamp used to secure lantern to lighting bar or stand. Gobo-thin metal plate cut out in a pattern and placed in a lantern to project pattern or shape into the acting space. Intonation-rising and falling of voice in speech. Masking-one actor unintentionally preventing another from being seen by tbe audience Mixing desk-control desk for sound effect being used in a drama Playwright-person who has written the play Promenade-audience follows the action on foot, moving from one location to another Prompt-to supply forgotten lines to an actor Prompt copy-master copy of the script with all moves and technical effects included. Prompt side-left hand side of the stage where prompter and stage manager sit during performance. Pyrotechnics-stage fireworks Rake-slop of stage (to allow actors to be seen) Register-appropriate speech for the person being spoken to, or for the situation Revolving stage-stage which turns in a circle Rhythm—movements which follow a pattern or beat Safety chain-used to attach a lantern to the lighting bar for safety Soliloquy-a single lengthy speech, made when no other characters are on stage Special effects-used to create a mood or atmospheres. Strobe light, mirror ball, smoke machine. Stage whisper-a loud whisper intended to be heard by the audience Stance-attitude or position of the body Strike-to remove all the set from the acting area Tableau-a stage picture, held without movement Tabs-curtains Thought-tracking-as aid to characterisation: the character speaks their thoughts out loud. Thought-tunnel-character (s) walk past other characters who comment on their situation. Trapdoor-door in a floor Treads-stairs Truck-piece of scenery on wheels, for ease of movement Wings-sides of the theatre stage Standard Grade Drama ~ Revision ~ Body of Knowledge 31