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King Saud University College of Pharmacy Pharmacognosy Dept. PHG. 461 1st term Exam Student’s Name …………………………..……. Dr. Ali El-Gamal Date: 3/4/1429 H No…………… Answer the following questions: األسئلة موزعة على ست صفحات:ملحوظة Question No. I Fill in the blank spaces 1- The word antibiotic is derived from …………….which means against ………………….. 2- Antimicrobial agents include both..………………………... and………………....compounds and can be further classified according to specific type of microbe being inhibited into…………………………and ………………………agents. 3- ………………….sample is commonly employed in the screening of antibiotics. 4- …………………produce about 85% of antibiotic while …………………….produce 11% and only 4% are produced by……………….……………. 5- Samples used for screening of antibiotic must treated with …………………as an antifungal agent and with …….…….... as an antibacterial agent to inhibit the growth of interfering fungi and bacteria. 6- Two important requirements for production of antibiotic are………..…………….……………………………………and ………………..………………………………………... 7- Recovery and isolation of antibiotic from fermentation media are achieved by…………………………………….., ……………………………and………………………………. 1 8- Presence or absence of pyrogen can be detected by ………....................test for evaluation of antibiotic 9- …………………….. is usually administered for symptomatic control in penicillin shock. 10-…………………is the only -lactam antibiotic with no documented cross sensitivity in penicillin allergic patients. 11- ………………………..……,……..……………………..and ………………………are example for penicillinase-resistant penicillins 12- Cycliztion of ……………...+………………...+…………… give a tripeptide which it is a precursor for the biosynthesis of …………………. 13- Isopenicilline N reacts with phenyl acetic acid to give…………………………….. 14- Effect of DAOC (desacetoxycephalosporin C) synthease or expandase on penicillin N give …………………………. 15- Four membered -lactam ring in penicilline is stabilized by ……………………...……ring, while in cephalosporin it is stabilized by…………….……………..ring. 16- The effect of alkali hydrolysis or -lactamase enzymes on penicillin G give……………………….., while acid hydrolysis leads to the formation of………………………. 17- Quntitation of penicillin G &V is expressed in terms of …………………….units 18- Administration of Na or K salts of penicillin G in lifethreatening infection is achieved by…………………...……… 2 19- Antibiotics can be classified into several groups depending on…………………………,……………………...… and…………………………….….. 20- ……………………………………is usually a minimum basis for rational antibiotic therapy. 21- Antibiotic susceptibility tests are performed either by……………………………..or…………………..………tests 22- MIC means……………………………………………. 23- MBC means……………………………………………. 24- MBC may be important in ………………………infection or …………………………………….patient. 25- The mechanism of action of antibiotic will determine whether the antibiotic is …………………..or ……………….. 26- Bacterial cell can acquire genetic material from other bacterial cells through the process of ……………...,……..….. and/or……………………… 3 Question No. II Short account on each of the following:1- Allergic reactions to penicillins. 2- Different classes of - lactam antibiotics (illustrate your answer by drawing structure). 3- Effective use of many antibiotic can be enhanced through various manipulation in pharmaceutics formulation. 4- Four factors affecting the choice of antibiotics for any given therapeutic situation. 4 5- Mention three mode of action of antibiotics. 6- Three mode of resistant of antibiotic. 7- Empirical antibiotic therapy. 8- Two approaches to maintain therapeutic blood levels of penicillin G. 9- Effective use of extended spectrum penicillin such as ampicillin in some gram-negative bacteria. 5 10- Side effects of ampicillin 11- The main side effects of cabencillin mainly attributed to its structure. 12- Tazocin (zosyn) 13- Concurrent use of amidinocillin with other -lactams might have a synergistic effect on susceptible bacteria 14-Two criteria for the effective use of -lactamse inhibitor with Amoxicillin 6 7