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Chapter 12 - New Century, New Challenges
Study Guide - VS 9
Name _________________________
Lesson 1 – pg. 362
1.
Virginia is nicknamed the “Mother of Presidents.”
2.
The president during World War I was Woodrow Wilson, from
Virginia. He was
the eighth president from Virginia and served from 1912 – 1920, which was during the
20th century.
3.
Wilson wrote a plan for world peace after World War I known as the
League of
Nations. The group was created to prevent future wars through negotiation. Wilson
received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919 for
his work with the League. The United States
never joined the League of Nations,
which was the forerunner of the United Nations.
Unfortunately, the League failed in
its mission to prevent future wars.
4.
Harry F. Byrd was a famous politician from Virginia.
5.
Harry F. Byrd served Virginia for many years. He was the Governor of Virginia, a
Virginia state Senator, and a United States senator.
Politician
Presidents
Woodrow Wilson
governor
senator
League of Nations
6.
As governor, Byrd was known for his Pay-As-You-Go policy for road
improvements and road building. Virginia did not borrow
money to improve
roads, but only made the improvements when it had the tax money.
7.
While governor, Harry F. Byrd also modernized state government and worked to
protect Virginia’s natural resources. He
helped develop Shenandoah National
Park.
8.
Women received the right to vote in 1920 when the 19th Amendment to the
U.S. Constitution was passed.
Lesson 2 – pg. 366
1.
In the early 20th century, cities in Virginia grew as more and more people moved to
cities from farms to work in factories or industry. People began to move from rural
to urban areas.
2.
The Great Depression began in 1929 and continued into the 1930’s in America and
around the world.
3.
During the Great Depression, banks failed or closed, and many people lost their
jobs.
4.
In 1939 Germany invaded Poland and started World War II. On
December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.
5.
Franklin D. Roosevelt was President during World War II.
6.
Businesses and industries in Virginia grew as a result of supplying the war
effort during World Wars I and II.
7.
Following World War II, the United States worked to rebuild the economy of
Western Europe. This economic plan was known as the Marshall Plan, named after
General George C. Marshall, the U.S. Army Chief of Staff during World War II. The United
States provided billions of dollars to help Europe rebuild.
8.
Marshall was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953 for his plan.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Pay As You Go
Nobel Peace Prize
failed
closed
natural resources
Marshall Plan
Pearl Harbor
Great Depression
state
grew
rural
Constitution
jobs
urban
9.
After Word War II ended in 1945, industry and jobs in Northern Virginia grew due
to an increase in the number of federal jobs in that area.
10. Many U.S. military personnel work at the Pentagon, a huge federal
building in Arlington, a city in Northern Virginia.
office
Lesson 3 – pg. 376
1.
The separation of people, usually based on race or religion, is called
segregation.
2.
Many southern states passed Jim Crow laws, which legally established segregation,
or separation of the races.
3.
Jim Crow laws reinforced prejudices held by whites. A prejudice is an unfair opinion
of someone based on race or religion.
4.
African Americans were forced to use separate, poor quality facilities, such as
drinking fountains, restrooms, and restaurants.
5.
Jim Crow Laws also had an effect on American Indians.
6.
Virginia’s African American and white students went to separate schools.
7. In Virginia, the African American and white schools were considered “separate
but
equal.” This was not really true because white schools had better trained
teachers, nicer buildings, and access to more money.
8. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case of Brown v. Board of Education
that separate but equal schools were unconstitutional or against the law.
Money
teachers
federal
Jim Crow
Unconstitutional
prejudices
Brown
Pentagon
segregation
drinking fountains
American Indians
restaurants
separate
9.
All schools would have to desegregate, or integrate. All schools would be open to
students of all races.
10. Desegregation is the abolishment (doing away with) racial segregation.
Integration means full equality to all races in the use of all public facilities.
11. Oliver W. Hill was a lawyer and civil rights leader in Richmond who worked for equal
rights for African Americans. He played a key role in the
Brown v Board of Education decision.
12.
Harry F. Byrd and other Virginia lawmakers created a policy called
Massive Resistance. They were trying to prevent or
resist the integration of Virginia’s schools.
13.
Virginia declared that no integrated (desegregated) school would receive money from
the state.
14.
Some schools in Virginia chose to close rather than integrate.
15.
Eventually, the Virginia Supreme Court ruled that the state could not keep
money from integrated schools.
16.
Byrd’s policy of Massive Resistance failed. Virginia’s schools became
Integrated.
17.
The Civil Rights movement was led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
In 1964, the U.S. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, which made discrimination
illegal.
18.
In Virginia, Governor A. Linwood Holton, Jr. helped promote racial equality. Holton
served as governor from 1970 – 1974.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,
Richmond
Integration
discrimination
Civil Rights Act
close
integrate
Massive Resistance
integrated
money
equality
failed
19.
Holton appointed many Africans Americans and women to positions in state
government.
20.
Holton sent his daughter to public schools in Richmond, which were mostly African
American.
21.
Arthur R. Ashe, Jr., grew up in Richmond. He was unable to play on some public
tennis courts because they were segregated.
22.
Ashe was the first African-American winner of a major men’s tennis singles
championship. He won the Australian Open, the U.S. Open, and the Wimbledon
championship.
23.
Ashe was also an author and an eloquent spokesperson for social change.
24.
The first African-American governor of Virginia, or any other state, was L. Douglas
Wilder.
.
tennis,
L. Douglas Wilder
segregated
African Americans
author
Richmond