Download Independence, Union and Rebellion 2016 Version

Independence, Union
and Rebellion
1680s – 1780s
Glorious Revolution
Massacre of Glencoe
Treaty of Union, 1707
Battle of Culloden,1746
0
At the end of this unit of work, you should know and understand:
I
 Why King James VII and II was put off the throne in the Glorious
Revolution of 1688/1689, and the consequences of this.
 The causes, events and consequences of the Massacre of Glencoe, 1692.
 Why the Darien Adventure, 1695-1700, happened, and why it was
important.
 Why there was a Treaty of Union in 1707 between Scotland and England.
 The causes, events and consequences of the Jacobite rebellion of 1745.
 The meaning of the term `Highland Clearances` and why it was important.
 The causes, events and consequences of the Jacobite Rebellion, 1745.
 The causes and effects of the Highland Clearances, up to the 1780s.

Important words you need to know:
Independence:
This is to,
when
country
makes its own
laws,
without
being
dependent
 The background
and a
terms
and consequences
of, the
Treaty
of Union,
1707.
or relying on others to take important decisions.
Union:
A joining together of two countries to make one. In this case, the
joining of Scotland and England to make Great Britain.
Rebellion:
An attempt to overthrow the power of the government and/or the
king/queen. Usually by illegal methods.
1
The Stuart Family Tree
1. After you, your teacher and classmates have discussed what a FAMILY TREE is and how they are structured,
you are going to create a family tree yourself. You can choose to create a tree for your own family, the British
Royal Family or even a fictional family, such as the Simpsons – it’s up to you! You should try to

include at least three generations (ie grandparents, parents and children).

include dates, if appropriate

use colour to enhance your presentation.

include some pictures, if appropriate.
2
The Glorious Revolution of 1688
In the Glorious Revolution of 1688, King James VII (of
Scotland) and II (of England) was forced to flee to France. This
was because he was an unpopular king. He was unpopular for
two main reasons:
(i)
(ii)
James VII and II
he tried to rule the country without the help of the
separate Scottish and English Parliaments ;
his religion was Roman Catholic, when most Scots and
English were Protestant.
After James fled, the Scottish and English Parliaments decided
that he had given up the throne and was no longer king of
Scotland and England. (James did not agree with this, but he was
in France and could do little about it.)
The Parliaments then asked James’ daughter Mary
and her Dutch husband William, Ruler of the
Netherlands (also known as William of Orange)
to be the next King and Queen. William and Mary
were both Protestants.
William of
Orange
Queen Mary
A revolution is a big or dramatic change. This revolution was called the Glorious Revolution because:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
It was mainly peaceful - there was little fighting or bloodshed;
Protestants felt that they had been saved from ill-treatment at the hands of the Roman
Catholics.
William and Mary promised to rule Scotland and England with the help of these countries
Parliaments.
2. Give two reasons why James VII and II was an unpopular king.
3. Who replaced James on the Scottish and English thrones? Why were these people
chosen?
4. Give three reasons why this event is known as the Glorious Revolution.
3
The Massacre of Glencoe
13th February, 1692
King William demanded that the clan chiefs in the Highlands should take an oath (verbal promise) by
the last day of 1691. In this oath they had to promise to be loyal to King William and Queen Mary,
and not to ex King James VII. King William said himself that any of the chiefs who failed to take the
oath would be punished as ‘traitors and rebels’.
5 (a)
Why did King William want the Highland clan chiefs to swear an oath of loyalty?
The Chief of the MacDonalds of Glencoe, did not want to take the oath as he was a supporter of James
(a Jacobite), so he left it to the last moment. On Hogmanay 1691, he made his way through the snows
to Fort William. The Sheriff (a judge who was expecting to hear him say the oath) was 80 miles away
at Inveraray. The weather was appalling, the roads non-existent and the Chief of the MacDonalds was
an old man. It was not until 6th January 1692 that he was able to take the oath in Inveraray.
5(b)
Why was the chief of the MacDonald clan late in taking the oath? Give at least 4 reasons.
King William’s chief government minister in Scotland was Sir John Dalrymple. When Dalrymple
heard that the, Chief of the MacDonalds of Glencoe, had failed to meet the deadline he was pleased.
The MacDonalds of Glencoe were not a powerful clan and were well known cattle-thieves.
Dalrymple saw his chance to use them as an example to the other Jacobite Highland clans.
5 (c)
4
Why did Dalrymple decide to punish the MacDonalds?
On 1 February 1692, Sir John Dalrymple sent a unit of Government soldiers to Glencoe. These
soldiers just happened to be from the Campbell clan – the MacDonalds’ oldest enemies. With
traditional Highland hospitality, the MacDonalds accommodated the Campbells for a fortnight. The
soldiers ate and drank with the MacDonalds and slept in their houses.
5 (d)
Why were Campbells chosen to massacre the MacDonalds?
5 (e)
Why did the MacDonalds accommodate the Campbells?
Sir John Dalrymple
Captain Robert Campbell
At dawn on 13 February, the heavy-drinking Captain Robert Campbell and his men began to carry out
their orders to ‘fall upon the rebels the MacDonalds of Glencoe and put all to the sword under
seventy’. The clan chief, his wife and two of his sons were among the 38 men and women killed.
Even so, fewer than 10% of the MacDonalds died. About four hundred and fifty of them escaped
because the soldiers who were supposed to block the exits from Glencoe arrived two hours after the
massacre had started.
5 (f)
How many MacDonalds were killed?
When Scots and other people heard of this massacre at Glencoe they were deeply shocked. This tactic
had backfired on King William, as many blamed him for what had happened, and he was forced to
allow an enquiry. Captain Robert Campbell was not punished but Sir John Dalrymple was fired from
his job as head of the Scottish Government. The King granted Dalrymple a generous pension.
5 (g)
How did Scots react when they heard about the Massacre?
5 (h)
Who was punished? Was this fair, in your opinion? Explain your response.
5
The Darien Adventure 1695 - 1700
Words You Should Know
Colony: A settlement of people in a country other than their own.
Darien: Place in Central America which became a Scottish colony. Now part of the country of
Panama.
Invest: Put money into a project in the hope that it will make more money.
Merchant: Businessman that buys and sells goods to make a profit.
Profit: Money made by making or buying something at a lower price and selling it at a higher price.
Trade: Buying, selling and exchanging goods.
This section is about Scotland’s attempt to set up a trading colony at a place called Darien in central
America. It turned into a disaster and made many Scots angry with King William (of Orange).
In the 1690s, Scotland was a poor nation because:
 The Scots did not have colonies or an empire of their own, and Scotland was not allowed to
trade with England’s colonies.
 Scotland mostly traded with other parts of Europe such as the Netherlands, Scandinavia and
France, but England’s war with France disrupted this Scottish trade.
 To make matters worse, the 1690s had such bad weather that crops failed and there was
starvation in Scotland. Things were so bad that a member of parliament suggested hungry
people should eat cats! There is no evidence that anyone actually did this.
6. Use the information above to explain why life in Scotland was difficult in the
1690s.
PATERSON’S PLAN
A successful Scottish businessman called William Paterson came
up with an idea in 1695. He planned a Scottish colony at Darien,
where goods from Europe could be traded for high value products
such as spices brought across the Pacific Ocean. We can see what
he was thinking about by looking at the world map on the next
page.
6
7. (a) Who chose the location for the Scottish colony?
(b) Explain why Darien would be a good place for trading with other parts of the
world. Refer to geographic location.
PROBLEMS
Afraid that Paterson’s ‘Company of Scotland’ might become a successful rival to England`s East
India Company, King William banned any English money being invested in the Scots adventure.
Worse still, when the Scots tried to attract investment of money from other European countries, King
William and the English Government blocked their efforts.
Scots were angry but still wanted to set up their own trading company, so decided to raise all the
money themselves. Money was collected from all over Scotland, and almost £400,000 (the equivalent
of about £58 ½ million today!) was gathered. This amazing amount of money was about one third of
all the money in Scotland at that time.
THE FIRST EXPEDITION
Five ships, Caledonia, Saint Andrew, Unicorn, Dolphin and Endeavour were equipped, and on 18th
July 1698 the first expedition left Leith with around 1200 people on board, including William
Paterson. Also on board the ships were the goods with which the Scottish colonists hoped to trade
from Darien (see the pictures on the next page)
7
8. Explain why these goods were chosen to take to Darien for trade by the Scottish
colonists.
Four months later the first expedition arrived at Darien and set about clearing land and building huts.
Things did not go well, though. Farming proved to be difficult and the natives in Darien didn’t want
the goods that had been brought from Scotland. Worse still, no other merchant ships arrived to use
Darien as a trading centre. There were also some natural difficulties the Scots had to face:




very high temperatures and heavy rainfall of 200 inches a year;
poisonous snakes;
mosquitoes, malaria and yellow fever;
thick jungle.
Many of the Scots settlers died of disease and starvation. The survivors abandoned the colony and
headed back to Scotland in July 1699. They tried to get food and medicine at the English colony in
Jamaica, but King William had already ordered the people there not to help the Scots. Only one of the
five ships made it home to Scotland.
8
THE SECOND EXPEDITION
Four ships, headed by the newly built Rising Sun, and another 1300 Scots departed for Darien in
August 1699. They were unaware of the disaster that had overcome the first expedition. They arrived
in November 1699 to find the huts abandoned and 400 graves from the first expedition. The colonists
rebuilt the huts and planted more crops, but they faced the same dangers as the first expedition.
Before long, many more were dead from disease or hunger.
To make matters worse, the Spanish were determined to prevent other European colonists settling on
land they already claimed. Spanish soldiers attacked the colony, but the Scots fought them off and
forced them back to the jungle. Eventually, in April 1700, after a month-long siege, the Scots
surrendered. They were weary from hunger, exhaustion and wounds. The survivors abandoned the
colony and headed back to Scotland. Many more died in storms before reaching their homeland.
9
CONCLUSION
Only 300 of the 2,500 Scots that went to Darien returned alive. William Paterson was one of the
survivors. Nearly all the ships and money were lost. Scotland had been a poor country in 1695, but
by 1700 things were even worse. To many Scots, King William and the English were to blame for the
disaster at Darien. Only a few Scots recognised that bad planning, bad equipping and bad leadership
had also played a part.
9. (a) Why did the Spanish attack the Scots colony at Darien?
(b) Explain why the Darien adventure was such a disaster for Scotland.
(Mention the number of lives lost and money lost.)
(c) Make a spider diagram that shows who could be blamed for the disaster at
Darien. Name at least two individuals and two nationalities. You must give
reasons that explain each “leg” on your spider.
The Darien Adventure Game
You are now going to play a game in groups in which you are going to be faced
with opportunities and problems similar to those faced by the settlers and traders
at Darien. Your goal is to survive to return to Scotland! Good luck!
10
The Union of Parliaments, 1707
By the early 1700s some people
in England and Scotland
believed that there should be a
union, or joining, of the Scottish
and English parliaments. Others
were opposed to this idea.
 After Darien, some Scots hoped that if the Parliaments of England and Scotland were joined, then
they could trade with the colonies in England’s large Empire.
 The English were worried that the Auld Alliance might start up again. This was the old friendship
between Scotland and France. If this happened the Scots might help the French in a war against
the English. The English government knew that the Auld Alliance would be impossible if the
Scottish and English parliaments were joined.
 It seemed likely that Anne, who became Queen of Scotland and England in 1702, would die
without leaving an heir to the throne. Although she had seventeen children, none of them
survived.
The English government decided that, when Anne died, her distant relative, George of Hanover,
would become the next king. However, many Scots, especially in the Highlands, were Jacobites
and still believed King James VII and his descendants to be the only true kings (see the Stuart
Family Tree). The Jacobites didn’t want to have the English choice, George of Hanover, forced
upon Scotland.
10. Copy and Complete:
The three main reasons for the joining of the Scottish and English parliaments
were:
a) Many Scots wanted to trade with England’s
.
b) The English were afraid that there would be a revival of the
between Scotland and France.
c) The English wanted to make sure that
the next king when Queen
died.
11
of
became
Many English people believed that the only way to make sure that George of Hanover did become the
next king of England and Scotland was to join the English and Scottish parliaments. Many Scots did
not want this union and there were anti-union riots in places such as Dumfries, Edinburgh and
Aberdeen. English spies were sent to Scotland to bribe Scottish MPs to vote for the Union. The
Scottish Parliament did pass the Act of Union, by a majority of only forty-one votes. In the 1780s,
Robert Burns wrote about the MPs who had voted for Scotland’s union with England: “We were
bought and sold for English gold. Such a parcel of rogues in a nation”. The Scottish Parliament met
for the last time on 25th March 1707, and Scotland ceased to be an independent country on 1st May
1707. No Scottish parliament met again until 1st July 1999.
11. How were some Scottish MPs ‘persuaded’ to vote for the Act of Union? Refer
to the quote from Robert Burns.
12. When did:
a) The old Scottish Parliament meet for the last time?
b) The new Scottish Parliament meet for the first time?
The Treaty of Union had 25 parts- some of the most important ones were:

The two kingdoms of Scotland and England would be joined in one united kingdom by the
name of Great Britain, and the Scottish and English flags would be combined in the Union
Flag.
St George’s Cross
12
St Andrew’s Cross
First Union Flag 1707

The Scottish and English Parliaments would be combined. This would be done by closing
down the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh and sending Scottish MPs to the English
Parliament in London. In this new British Parliament, England would have 512 MPs and
190 Lords and Scotland would have 45 MPs and 16 Lords.

When Queen Anne died, George of Hanover would be the next British King.

The Scots would to be given £400,000 (about £58 ½ million in today’s money) to pay for the
losses at Darien. The Scots would be allowed to trade with England’s colonies.

The armies and navies would be combined to form the British Army and Royal Navy.

Weights, measures and money used in Scotland would be English.

Scotland would be allowed to keep its own laws and churches.
13. Why would the English be able to control the new British Parliament?
14. Take a double page in your jotter. On one page, put all the arguments in favour of
the Treaty of Union. On the other page, put all the arguments against the Treaty of
Union. You and your class-mates will be using these arguments in a debate about
the Treaty, so make sure they are sensible and convincing!
The Jacobites
‘Jacobite’ means a supporter of James, as Jacobus is the Latin for James. The James that the
Jacobites supported was King James VII (of Scotland) and II (of England) and his
descendants. Before we find out more about James and the Jacobites, we need to look again
at the royal family tree on the next page.
15. Look at the Stuart Family Tree on the next page and answer the following
questions:
(a) Why do some people have a crown next to them?
(b) What do the dates next to the crowns mean?
(c) Copy and complete. James VI and I was the sixth King James of ___________
and the first King James of ______________. He was King of Scotland from
_______ to _____, and King of England from _____ to _____.
(d) There are five incorrect statements below, please correct them and write the
corrected version into your jotter.
King Charles I was the grandson of King James VI and I.
King James VII and II had two children.
Queen Anne and Queen Mary were cousins.
King William III (i.e. William of Orange) murdered Queen Mary II..
Bonnie Prince Charlie was Queen Anne’s niece.
(e) What does ‘Jacobite’ mean? (read the information on this page)
13
The Stuart Family Tree
14
A Time-Chart of the Jacobites
16. After discussion, your task is to match the events listed below to the correct dates line,
then write up the correct chart in your jotter. Do not write on this sheet.
Date
Event
The Glorious Revolution. King James VII and II was
forced to flee to France. He was replaced by his daughter
Queen Mary and her Dutch husband William of Orange.
Battle of Killiecrankie – Jacobites won
Battle of the Boyne – King William of Orange defeated ex
King James VII/II. Jacobites lost.
Massacre of Glencoe – 38 people of the clan MacDonald
murdered by soldiers carrying out the order of King
William of Orange.
Battle of Sheriffmuir – Jacobites v British Government
redcoats. A draw.
Battle of Glensheil – Jacobites lost
Failed invasion of Britain by the French in support of
Bonnie Prince Charlie
Battle of Prestonpans – Jacobites won
Battle of Falkirk – Jacobites won
15
Battle of Culloden – The last and most famous battle Jacobites lost
The 1745 Jacobite Rebellion
What was it like to be a Jacobite?
For the rest of this topic you are going to investigate and report back on what it
could have been like to be on the side of the Jacobites fighting against the
British government of George II in 1745 and 1746.
To do this you will keep a diary of all the events you ‘witness’. In your diary
you should keep:
 A chronological record of what you see (By reading books/internet)
 What you hear from others who are also part of the rebellion (By
watching films)
 What your feelings are about the events to which you are an eyewitness.
(Your opinions)
You will get information for your diary from the DVD your teacher will show
you, the notes you make from the DVD, your answers to questions 17 – 26, and
any other research places your teacher might let you use such as the internet.
Your final report will be in the form of a written diary which your teacher will
mark as part of your S3 report.
Marks will be allocated for:
1. Content
2. Presentation
16
There was a major Jacobite rebellion in 1715 and another smaller one in 1719. However, it
was not until 1745 that the most famous and last Jacobite rebellion took place. The Jacobites’
new leader was the grandson of James VII and II – Charles Edward Stuart or the Young
Pretender. You may know him better as Bonnie Prince Charlie. Look back at the Stuart
family tree on page 1 and answer question 1a below.
17. a) In what way was Prince Charles Edward Stuart related to King James VII and II?
b) Give two nicknames for Prince Charles Edward Stuart.
At this time France and Britain were at war, with armies fighting in Belgium, North
America and India. With so many soldiers abroad, a Jacobite rebellion seemed to have a
good chance of success because there were not many ‘redcoat’ soldiers left in Britain to fight a
Jacobite rebellion. The French government encouraged Bonnie Prince Charlie to start a
rebellion, hoping it would force the British government to withdraw troops from Belgium.
Then, the French would be able to win the war there more easily.
If all had gone to plan, the rebellion would have been in 1744. It was in that year that the
French King planned a huge invasion of Britain. Bonnie Prince Charlie was to sail with
10,000 French soldiers, who were brought together and ready to go just across the English
Channel. However, storms wrecked the ships and the invasion plan was abandoned.
18. Why did the planned invasion for 1744 not take place?
Bonnie Prince Charlie was not a man to be put off easily, so, in July 1745, Charles and just
seven supporters landed on the Scottish mainland. At Glenfinnan in the western Highlands,
the red and white Stuart flag was raised as a signal for the Jacobite clans to gather. Before
long, Prince Charlie had an army of about 2,500 men. Today there is a monument to mark
this place in Glenfinnan.
17
Jacobite monument at Glenfinnan
Battle of Prestonpans, 1745
From there Bonnie Prince Charlie
and his army marched to the
Lowlands. Here they took control
of Scotland by:
A. capturing Edinburgh without a
fight (but not Edinburgh Castle);
B. defeating a government army
of redcoats in the battle of
Prestonpans on 21st September
1745. The battle lasted fifteen minutes, and the redcoat general, Sir John Cope and the
surviving redcoat soldiers had to escape on ships. With no more British government armies
in Scotland, Bonnie Prince Charlie was in control of the country.
18
19. How did Bonnie Prince Charlie take control of Scotland in 1745?
Scotland had been taken easily, and now Bonnie Prince Charlie had a decision to make.
Should he settle for the throne of Scotland, or should he press on and try to capture London
and the English throne that had also belonged to his grandfather?
He decided to march on. However, instead of advancing immediately into England, where
the Government and people were in a state of panic, the Jacobites remained in Edinburgh for
six weeks, waiting for reinforcements to arrive from the Highlands and Ireland. This sixweek delay was to be crucial in the failure of the Jacobite rebellion. It gave the government
in London time to bring redcoat soldiers back from Belgium and position three armies of
redcoats around London.
20. a) Why did Bonnie Prince Charlie delay for six weeks in Edinburgh?
b) How did this delay help the Government side?
In early November 1745, the Jacobite army of 7,000 men began the march from Edinburgh to
London. You can follow the route on the map opposite. People in London were in a panic.
King George II was ready to flee to Hanover. The anti Jacobite song `God Save The King`
was written. Bonnie Prince Charlie expected to recruit English Jacobites on the way,
however, they were disappointed as only a few dozen
English men joined them.
When they reached Derby the Jacobites stopped.
Bonnie Prince Charlie decided to retreat back to the
Highlands, in order to recruit more men. He decided
to retreat because:
(i) many of the Highlanders in the Jacobite army
wanted to return to their families in the Scottish
highlands;
(ii) the amount of English support was disappointing;
19
(iii) three large government armies were about to surround the Jacobites.
21. a) Give three reasons why the Jacobite army retreated from Derby.
b) Copy and complete the following statements:
The decision to retreat from Derby was sensible because………….
The decision to retreat from Derby was a mistake because………..
During the winter of 1745–46 the discouraged Jacobites retreated to the Highlands, chased
by two government armies. Once back in the Highlands some Jacobite soldiers deserted and
went home because they had lost confidence in Bonnie Prince Charlie and felt certain the
Jacobites were going to be defeated. By April 1746 the Jacobite army numbered only 5,000
men, whereas the main Government army numbered over 9,000 soldiers, many of them
being experienced troops brought back to Britain from Belgium.
22. Look at the pictures of the Jacobites and Government Redcoats. In your jotter, explain
all the items listed below the pictures.
Claymore, Targe, Sgian Dubh (hidden)
Musket, Bayonet, Red Coat,
Kilt, Blue Bonnet with White Rose.
Gaiters, Tricorn Hat.
20
The Battle of Culloden
16 April 1746
23.(a) Put the heading ‘Before the Battle’ at the top of a clean double page
of your jotter.
b) On the left page put the heading: The Strengths of the Government
Army and on the right page put the heading The Weaknesses of the
Jacobite Army.
c) Put the statements below under the appropriate headings.
 There are only about 5,000 Jacobite soldiers.
 Most of the men in the Jacobite army are not trained soldiers.
 Bonnie Prince Charlie is not an experienced commanding officer.
 The government redcoats are well rested and well fed.
 The Jacobite soldiers are hungry and tired after their unsuccessful overnight march to
ambush the redcoats.
 Most of the government redcoats are experienced veterans who have been fighting
French soldiers in Belgium.
 The Duke of Cumberland is a trained commander and he has experienced officers to
advise him.
 The redcoat army numbers about 9,000 soldiers.
 The redcoat gunners who fire the cannons are experienced and have lots of
ammunition.
 The ground between the two armies is boggy and uneven and will not suit a highland
charge.
 The Jacobite gunners are untrained and don’t have many cannonballs for their
cannons.
 The redcoats have formed into lines and are ready for Jacobite attack.
21
 The redcoat soldiers have a new tactic of stabbing the enemy to their right with their
bayonets.
24. Now watch the DVD about the Battle of Culloden. While watching the
DVD, make notes in the back of your jotter. Use these notes when you
write up your diary describing what happened during the battle.
The Aftermath of the Battle
What little remained of the Prince’s army managed to withdraw in good order. The next
day, cold comfort awaited them – a message from Bonnie Prince Charlie was that every man
should save himself as best he could.
On the moor with its dead and wounded and on the road to Inverness, packed with
fugitives, one of the ugliest chapters in British history had opened. The Duke of
Cumberland’s Redcoats slaughtered not only fleeing clansmen, but also innocent
bystanders, including women and children. On the battlefield, where the Government
wounded were cared for, the wounded on the Jacobite side were bayoneted or clubbed to
22
death. The next day, the Duke issued an order to search all the cottages near the battlefield
for Jacobites, or even people suspected of helping them, and the killing continued for days.
From the Government point of view the Jacobites were guilty of treason, and deserved to be
taught a lesson – this was what would happen to those who tried to overthrow the Duke’s
father – King George II.
Outside the Highlands there was little sympathy for the Jacobites. The Duke of Cumberland
was treated as a hero when he returned to London. The famous composer Haydn composed
‘The Conquering Hero’ to greet him and the flower ‘Sweet William’ was named after him.
In response, The Jacobites named a weed after Cumberland. They called it ‘Stinking Willie’.
Soon, he was referred to as `butcher Cumberland`.
To make sure that there would not be another Jacobite rebellion, the government took
drastic action. It worked, as the ‘Forty-Five’ was the last Jacobite rebellion.

Some Jacobite clan chiefs were executed.

The wearing of tartan, playing of bagpipes and carrying of weapons was banned.
Anyone found guilty of these ‘crimes’ was transported to the colonies, never to be
allowed to return.

The use of Gaelic language was discouraged.

The authority clan chiefs had over their clans people was taken away.

A redcoat army was based in the Highlands at the newly built Fort George.
23
Defensive walls and cannons at Fort George, near Inverness
Bonnie Prince Charlie avoided capture by the
redcoats and escaped from Scotland. He
never returned. After the battle there was a
reward of £30,000 (£4 ¼ million today) for
anyone giving information that led to his
arrest. No one claimed it.
Despite the fact that thousands of
Government soldiers were looking for him,
he managed to escape, disguised as Flora
MacDonald’s Irish Maid, Betty Burke, to
Skye and from there back to France.1
1
Illistrations taken from National Trust for Scotland booklet - Culloden
24
The events of 1745-6 haunted him for the rest of his life and he began drinking heavily. He
died in Rome in 1788, no longer ‘Bonnie Prince Charlie’, but an overweight, lonely alcoholic.
25. Why was the Duke of Cumberland named ‘Butcher Cumberland’ by
many Highlanders?
26. Describe how Bonnie Prince Charlie managed to escape from the
Government Redcoats after the Battle of Culloden.
27. (a) What actions did the Government take after Culloden to make sure
that there would not be another Jacobite rising?
(b) Which of these do you think was the most effective, and why?
“They made a desert and called it peace”
Tacitus AD83
The quotation above was said by a Roman called Tacitus who was describing the result of a
battle the Romans had won against a Scottish tribe he called the Caledones nearly 2000 years
ago.
28. How far do you agree that you could say the same thing about the result
of the battle of Culloden?
Another aspect of the government’s policy to control the Highlands was forcing and
encouraging Highlanders to move abroad to places such as America and Canada. This
started the process known as the ‘Highland Clearances’.
25
The Highland Clearances
29. Read the information below about the Highland clearances.
Make a cartoon strip in your jotter to explain what happened. There is no need to copy
out all the words, but each picture you make will need a caption.
2
Clan chiefs knew they could make more
After 1750, clan chiefs in the
money by using their land as massive
Highlands needed to make more
money from their land. They were not sheep farms. Sheep farmers from
being paid enough rent by the people England and the Lowlands moved in
and paid high rents to the clan chiefs.
who lived on their land.
1
4
Many
people
livingofonthe
their
land.were cruelly
evicted and their houses were burned.
Many people also left because their
life was hard and they wanted to go to
find a better life.
7
Some Highlanders left Scotland
completely and emigrated abroad to
countries such as USA, Canada, New
Zealand or Australia.
7
5
Many Highlanders went to cities
such as Glasgow, or found work in
textile mills in places like New
Lanark.
8
In 1730, more than half the population
of Scotland lived in the Highlands. By
1930 it was only 25%.
3
This meant many
Highlanders were
CLEARED from the land to
make way for sheep. This is
what the Government
wanted. Less people meant
less Jacobites!
6
Other Highlanders moved to the
coast, where they had a house
and a small piece of land called a
croft. They survived growing
potatoes, collecting seaweed and
fishing.
This is a painting by an artist called John Watson Nicol. It has the title `Lochaber No More`.
30. What do you think the people in the picture are thinking?
31. In recent times, singers/songwriters Craig and Charlie Reid (The Proclaimers), wrote a
song about the Highland Clearances. In their view, the Highland Clearances did not just
happen a long time ago, but have continued into modern times. Look at the words and listen
to the song. What do you think?
Letter From America by The Proclaimers
When you go will you send back
A letter from America?
Take a look up the railtrack
From Miami to Canada
Broke off from my work the other day
I spent the evening thinking about
All the blood that flowed away
Across the ocean to the second chance
I wonder how it got on when it reached the promised land?
8
When you go will you send back
A letter from America?
Take a look up the railtrack
From Miami to Canada
I've looked at the ocean
Tried hard to imagine
The way you felt the day you sailed
From Wester Ross to Nova Scotia
We should have held you
We should have told you
But you know our sense of timing
We always wait too long
When you go will you send back
A letter from America?
Take a look up the railtrack
From Miami to Canada
Lochaber no more
Sutherland no more
Lewis no more
Skye no more
(3x)
I wonder my blood
Will you ever return
To help us kick the life back
To a dying mutual friend
Do we not love her?
Do we not say we love her?
Do we have to roam the world
To prove how much it hurts?
When you go will you send back
A letter from America?
Take a look up the railtrack
From Miami to Canada
9
Bathgate no more
Linwood no more
Methil no more
Irvine no more.
(3x)
Bathgate no more
Linwood no more
Methil no more
Lochaber no more.
10
11