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BIOLOGY 204 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY INSTRUCTOR: Dr A. Hemsley ANTELOPE VALLEY COLLEGE Spring 2007 THEORY TEST 2 100 POINTS STUDENT NAME: ___________________________________ STUDENT I.D. NUMBER: _____________________________ • Perusal time = 10 minutes • Test time = 100 minutes • ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS • Read ALL questions carefully during perusal time, you may write if you wish. • Use the back of each sheet if you do not have enough writing space, but please label each answer. • Question subheadings are NOT of equal points value. • Points allocated for each subheading are shown at the end of the question. GOOD LUCK! QUESTION 1 (Total =10 points) Match entries in the left column with answers from the lettered choices in the right column. Write your letter choice to the far left of each question in the spaces provided. Use each answer only ONCE. (1 Point per correct pair) _____ 1. A disinfectant that is an effective degermer a. Iodine _____ 2. Early antiseptic, now considered carcinogenic b. Autoclave _____ 3. Halogen used extensively in municipal water treatment c. Bacteriostasis _____ 4. Halogen used as an antiseptic, very effective as a tincture d. Virucide _____ 5. Enzyme denaturants, some toxicity e. Pseudomonas _____ 6. Prevention of bacterial growth without killing the bacteria present f. Hepatitis A virus _____ 7. Instrument using pressurized steam to sterilize g. Ethanol _____8. Microbe that is difficult to kill with Quaternary ammonium detergents h. Chlorine _____ 9. Agent capable of killing viruses i Heavy metals _____ 10.Microbe that is resistant to chlorination j. Phenol (eg. mercurochrome) page 1 QUESTION 2 (Total =10 points) Three flasks of nutrient broth are inoculated with the same number of bacterial cells; one contains Lactobacillus (Flask 1), one contains Streptococcus lactis (Flask 2) and one contains Micrococcus luteus (Flask 3). Each flask is incubated at the optimum temperature for the bacteria contained inside, with ideal nutrients and oxygenation overnight . The next morning you analyze the bacterial growth in the flasks. Rank the flasks in order from the one with the most cells present to the one with the least cells present. Make sure you say which has the most, and which has the least! (3) Rank the flasks in order from the one with the highest oxygen concentration present to the one with the least oxygen. Make sure you say which has the most, and which has the least! (4) One of the cultures may contain many dead cells. Which one is it, and why are the cells dead? (3) page 2 QUESTION 3 (Total =20 points) A. You are a hospital administrator whose responsibilities include purchasing disinfectants for hospital use. List at least three factors you might consider when choosing between the following products: Product A: Cost $50 per gallon, type quaternary ammonium detergent Product B: Cost $10 per gallon, type oxidizer (6) B. Explain the difference between bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic methods to control microbial growth. Give an example of a method or agent that is bacteriocidal and one that is bacteriostatic. (6) C. What is one of the advantages to using ethanol prior to surgeries or venipunctures? D. Provide 2 examples of using osmotic control to limit bacterial growth. Your examples will more likely come from the food industry than the health care industry. (3) (3) page 3 QUESTION 4 (Total =20 points) Provide brief definitions for the following terms: A. PROMOTER B. GENE C. GENE POOL D. RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE E. SIMULTANEOUS REPLICATION FORKS page 4 QUESTION 5 (Total =20 points) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences. (1 point per correct sentence) 1. The nucleotide that pairs with G in RNA is____________________________. 2. The first amino acid in all protein molecules is____________________________. 3. One of the three codon sequences that signal protein synthesis termination is 4. DNA synthesis in the direction that goes directly towards the replication fork is ____________________________. called ____________________________ strand synthesis. 5. DNA synthesis in the direction that goes away from the replication fork is called ____________________________ strand synthesis. 6. A DNA mutation where a base change does not affect the protein sequence of the gene product is called a ____________________________ mutation. 7. A DNA mutation where a base change affects one amino acid in the protein sequence of the gene product is called a ____________________________ mutation. 8. A DNA mutation where a base change introduces a STOP codon in the protein sequence of the gene product is called a ____________________________ mutation. 9. One target area of a microbe that disinfectants may injure is the____________________________. 10. ____________________________is a mechanism introduces new genetic material into a bacterium as naked DNA. 11. ____________________________ is a mechanism introduces new genetic material into a bacterium by way of a bacteriophage vector. 12. ____________________________ is a mechanism introduces new genetic material into a bacterium due to a mating event initiated by the F plasmid. 13. Plasmids confer a survival advantage, such as____________________________ to bacteria possessing them. 14. ____________________________ is an enzyme that catalyses the formation of an RNA chain. 15. The ____________________________ is an enzyme used to cut DNA at specific sequences. 16. One important recombinant gene product expressed in bacteria is____________________________. 17. A method of artificially introducing genes into cells is ____________________________ . 18. A recombinant vaccine produced in yeast cells is the ____________________________. 19. A vaccine that consists of proteins alone is known as a ____________________________. 20. The enzyme that joins DNA fragments to one another is _____________________________. page 5 QUESTION 6 (Total =20 points) A. Discuss one breakthough in medical science and one successful outcome in agriculture that have been possible through the use of recombinant DNA technology (8) B. Explain how the polymerase chain reaction has assisted forensic scientists to solve violent crimes. include a brief description of how this technique works. C. Bacterial cells replicate in as little as 30 minutes, while eukaryotic cells take considerably longer. With your newfound understanding of microbial genetics, describe three strategies that bacteria have at their disposal to assist in rapid replication. (6) In your answer, (6) page 6