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Fulmer, 2009 BIO GENETIC CROSSES Differentiate: Genotype Phenotype Homozygous Heterozygous Explain why a phenotype might not always indicate a genotype. Probability: Probability = Number of times an event is EXPECTED to happen Number of times an event COULD happen Mendel’s experiments: Dominant trait occurred 6,022 Recessive trait occurred 2,001 What is the probability that the dominant trait will occur? Expressed as a percentage: Expressed as a ratio: What is the probability that the recessive trait will occur? Expressed as a percentage: Expressed as a ratio: Fulmer, 2009 BIO PREDICTING RESULT OF MONOHYBRID CROSSES Monohybrid cross is . . . HOMOZYGOUS X HOMOZYGOUS Trait: Flower Color Dominant- PP purple Recessive- pp white Phenotype: Genotype: HOMOZYGOUS X HETEROZYGOUS Trait: Coat Color Dominant- BB black Recessive- bb brown Phenotype: Genotype: HETEROZYGOUS X HETEROZYGOUS Trait: Plant Height Dominant- TT tall Recessive- tt short Phenotype: Genotype: Fulmer, 2009 BIO TESTCROSS Can determine the genotype of any individual whose phenotype expresses the dominant trait, but is unknown if individual is actually homozygous or heterozygous for a trait. Trait: Pod shape Dominant: II -Inflated Recessive: ii -Constricted Phenotype: Genotype: INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE -Occurs when the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes determined by the dominant and recessive traits. Trait: Flower Color Dominant: RR -Red Recessive: rr -White Phenotype: Genotype: CODOMINANCE -Occurs when both alleles for a gene are expressed in a heterozygous offspring. Trait: Blood Types Fulmer, 2009 BIO DIHYBRID CROSSES -Cross in which two characteristics are tracked. Thus four alleles from each parent can combine. HOMOZYGOUS X HOMOZYGOUS Trait: Seed texture Seed color Dominant: RR – Round Recessive: rr- Wrinkled Dominant: YY – Yellow Recessive: yy – Green Phenotype: Genotype: Fulmer, 2009 BIO HETEROZYGOUS X HETEROZYGOUS Trait: Seed texture Seed color Dominant: RR – Round Recessive: rr- Wrinkled Dominant: YY – Yellow Recessive: yy – Green Phenotype: Genotype:
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