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Higher Biology
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Unit 1 Cell Biology
Diffusion
Osmosis
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Flacid
Plasmolysed
Fluid mosaic model
Phospholipid/protein components of plasma membrane
Fluid/porous nature of plasma membrane
Cellulose
Selective ion uptake (active transport)
Absorption, transmission and reflection (of light by a leaf)
Absorption spectrum (of chlorophyll)
Action spectrum
Accessory pigments
Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophyll and carotene
Chromatography
Photolysis of water
Hydrogen acceptor – NADP
Carbon fixation/ Calvin cycle
5C RuBP
3C GP
Reduction of carbon dioxide (to carbohydrate)
ATP, ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate)
Respiration as oxidation of glucose to form carbon dioxide
Glycolysis
Pyruvic acid (3C)
Alternative respiratory substrates (fat and protein)
Krebs cycle
2C acetyl-CoA
6C citric acid
Cytochrome system
Final H acceptor (oxygen)
NAD
Mitochondrion
Cristae
Matrix
Fibrous proteins
Globular proteins
DNA/ double helix/ deoxyribose
Nucleotides
Bases (names of)
DNA replication
RNA/ uracil/ribose
Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Codons
Anti-codons
Ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Phagocytosis
Lysosomes
Antibodies
Lymphocytes
Antigens
Tannins
Cyanide
Nicotine
Resin
Unit 2
Genetics and Adaptation
Meiosis
Dihybrid cross
Genetic variation
Haploid
Crossing over
Independent assortment
1st and 2nd meiotic divisions
Gamete mother cell
Chromatid
Chiasmata
Homologous
Linked genes
Recombination frequencies
Recombinant gametes
Sex linkage
Mutation
Mutagenic agents
Non-disjunction
Polyploidy
Karyotype
Chromosome mutations (translocation, inversion, deletion, duplication)
Gene mutations ( substitution, inversion, insertion, deletion)
Isolating mechanisms
Gene pool
Species
Adaptive radiation
High-speed evolution (antibiotic-resistant bacteria, melanic peppered moth)
Conservation ( wildlife reserves, captive breeding, cell banks)
Artificial selection
Selective breeding
Hydridisation
Genetic engineering
Gene probes, banding patterns
Endonuclease
Ligase
Sexual incompatibility
Somatic fusion
Cellulase
Protoplasts
Osmoregulation
Chloride secretory cells
Physiological adaptations
Behavioural adaptations
Cortex
Transpiration stream
Cohesion
Adhesion
Xerophytes
Hydrophytes
Sessile
Economical foraging
Interspecific competition
Intraspecific competition
Dominance hierarchy
Co-operative hunting
Dominant/subordinate animal
Territorial behaviour
Compensation point
Sun/shade plants
Habituation
Learning
Stings/thorns/spines
Low meristems/deep root systems/ underground stems
UNIT 3
Control and Regulation
Meristems
Annual rings/ spring and summer xylem vessels
Regeneration
Angiosperms
Jacob-Monod hypothesis
Repressor molecule
Regulator gene
Inducer
Operator
Structural gene
β galactosidase
Lactose
Phenylketonuria
Pituitary gland
Growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
IAA/ apical dominance / leaf abscission
GA/ dormancy/ dwarf varieties
Aleurone layer
α amylase
Herbicides/ rooting powders
Macro-elements
N– amino acid synthesis
P – DNA, ATP
K – membrane transport
Mg – chlorophyll
Iron (haemoglobin, cytochromes)
Calcium – blood clotting, shells, bones, teeth
Vit D –calcium absorption
Thalidomide/ limb deformation
Alcohol – growth and mental development retarded,
Nicotine - growth and mental development retarded
Phototropism
Etiolation
Photoperiodism / flowering/ breeding seasons
Short and long day plants
Negative feedback
ADH, insulin, glucagon, adrenaline
Hypothalamus
Nerve communication/effectors
Endotherms
Ectotherms
Density-dependent factors (disease, food supply, predation, competition)
Density-independent factors ( temperature, rainfall)
Indicator species
Succession
Species diversity
Biomass
Complexity of food webs
Habitat modification
Climax community