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Chapter 6
Extranuclear Inheritance, Imprinting, and Maternal Effect
Study Outline
1. Extranuclear inheritance: chloroplasts
1. Chloroplasts contain circular chromosomes with many genes
2. Extranuclear inheritance produces non-Mendelian results in reciprocal crosses
3. Studies in Chlamydomonas provided genetic evidence for extranuclear inheritance of
chloroplasts
4. The pattern of inheritance of chloroplasts varies among different species
2. Extranuclear inheritance: mitochondria
1. Mitochondria also contain circular chromosomes with many genes
2. The transmission of mitochondria usually follows a maternal inheritance pattern
3. Several human diseases are caused by mitochondrial mutationsProperties of the X and Y
chromosomes in mammals
3. Theory of endosymbiosis
4. Epigenetics: imprinting
1. The expression of an imprinted gene depends on the sex of the parent from which the
gene was inherited.
2. The imprinting of genes and chromosomes is a molecular marking process that involves
DNA methylation
3. Imprinting from generation to generation involves maintenance, erasure, and de Novo
methylation steps
4. Imprinting plays a role in the inheritance of certain human genetic diseases
5. The biological significance of imprinting is not well understood
5. Maternal effect
1. The genotype of the mother determines the phenotype of the offspring for maternal
efffect genes
2. Female gametes receive gene products from the mother that affect early developmental
stages of the embryo
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