Download exam 08

exam 08
Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.
1. Genes are located on structures called ____________________.
2. The process in which a parent cell divides twice to produce sex cells is called ____________________.
3. Paleontologists are scientists who study ____________________.
4. Scientists know how groups of animals changed over time by studying information contained in the
____________________.
5. A ____________________ fossil forms when dissolved minerals replace the remains of an organism and then
harden to form rock.
6. A rock layer’s ____________________ age is its age compared to the ages of other rock layers.
7. The breakdown of unstable carbon-14 to form stable nitrogen-14 is an example of ____________________
decay.
8. The time it takes for one half of the atoms in a sample of a radioactive element to decay is called the
element’s ____________________.
9. On the geologic time scale, periods are divided into ____________________.
10. The type of light humans can see is ____________________ light.
11. The apparent change in position of an object when viewed from two different places is called
____________________.
12. Astronomers use ____________________ magnitude to compare the brightnesses of stars.
13. A dying giant star can suddenly explode, becoming a(n) ____________________.
14. Astronomers can detect a binary star system called a(n) _________________________ when one star dims
and brightens.
15. The first object to form in our solar system when a nebula collapsed was the ____________________.
16. The distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next wave is the wave’s
____________________.
17. The brightness a star would have if it were at a specific distance from Earth is the star’s
_________________________.
18. The most massive stars collapse to form ____________________ when they die.
19. The energy in the fuel of a rocket engine is _________________________ energy.
20. A baseball flying through the air has ____________________ energy because of its motion.
21. ____________________ energy, such as ultraviolet radiation, travels in the form of waves.
22. To maintain your body temperature, your body converts chemical potential energy into
____________________ energy.
23. As water runs over a waterfall, its potential energy is converted into ____________________ energy.
24. The law of ______________________________ states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
25. In power plants, generators convert mechanical energy into ____________________ energy.
26. As a substance changes state, there is no change in the ____________________ of the substance.
27. A refrigerator uses an outside ____________________ to transfer thermal energy from a cool area to a warm
area.
28. The two major divisions of the human nervous system are the central and the ____________________
nervous systems.
29. Small muscles attached to the ____________________ of your eye change its shape to help you focus on near
or distant objects.
30. Neurons are classified into three types according to the ____________________ they travel.
31. ____________________ is the process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment.
32. Sensory neurons and motor neurons are connected by ____________________, which carry impulses
between them.
33. The myelin sheath that surrounds a single long axon leaves many gaps, called ____________________,
where the axon membrane is exposed.
34. ____________________ is a period of rapid growth and sexual maturation during which the reproductive
system becomes fully functional.
35. If the temperature of the scrotum increases by 5 degrees Celsius, ____________________ may not develop
properly.
36. If a woman is not ovulating, there is no chance of ____________________.
Short Answer
Use the diagram to answer each question.
37. Which sedimentary rock layer is older, A or B? Explain your answer and name the scientific law that you
applied to reach your conclusion.
38. List layers E, D, and C in order from oldest to youngest.
39. If layer C is sedimentary rock and layer G is igneous rock, which would be more likely to contain fossils?
Explain your answer.
Use the diagram to answer each question.
40. Strontium-90 is a radioactive form of the element strontium that undergoes radioactive decay. The graph
shows the decay of strontium-90 over time. What is the half-life of strontium-90? Explain your answer.
41. Strontium-90 is a radioactive form of the element strontium that undergoes radioactive decay. The graph
shows the decay of strontium-90 over time. How long will it take until only 25 percent of the strontium-90
remains?
42. Strontium-90 is a radioactive form of the element strontium that undergoes radioactive decay. The graph
shows the decay of strontium-90 over time. Would strontium-90 be useful for determining the age of fossils?
Explain your answer.
Use the diagram to answer each question.
43. Using the figure, name a star that is very dim and red in color.
44. Compare our sun to Alpha Centauri A in terms of color, brightness, and surface temperature.
45. State how Barnard’s star and Mira are similar.
46. Name the stars on the diagram that are blue or blue-white.
47. Describe three features of the star Deneb.
48. Suppose you wanted to observe the star Aldebaran. What clues would you use to help you identify it?
49. When a star begins to run out of fuel, what two types of stars can it become?
50. What happens to small and medium stars when they run out of fuel?
Use the diagram to answer each question.
51. Which letter represents the position at which the basketball has the greatest potential energy? Explain.
52. Which letter represents the position at which the basketball has the greatest kinetic energy? Explain.
53. Which letter represents the position at which the basketball has the least potential energy? Explain.
54. Which letter represents the position at which the basketball has the least kinetic energy? Explain.
Use the diagram to answer each question.
55. Suppose the material is being heated. What change of state is represented by line segment A?
56. Suppose the material is being cooled. What change of state is represented by line segment A?
57. What is the temperature of the change of state represented by line segment A called?
58. What is happening to the average kinetic energy of the particles during the change of state represented by line
segment B? Explain.
59. Compare and contrast tissues and organs.
60. Distinguish between the functions of dendrites and axons.
61. What is homeostasis?
62. At what location does a neuron transfer an impulse to another cell?
63. What is a motor neuron?
Figure 35-1
64. Identify the structure and its labeled parts illustrated in Figure 35-1.
65. Compare and contrast the functions of rods and cones.
66. How is the spinal cord like a major telephone line?
67. List the structures that sperm will pass through from the time they are produced until they are expelled from
the male body.
68. Which structures will sperm pass through in the male and female bodies on their way to fertilize an egg?
exam 08
Answer Section
COMPLETION
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chromosomes
meiosis
fossils
fossil record
petrified
relative
radioactive
half-life
epochs
visible
parallax
absolute
supernova
eclipsing binary
sun
wavelength
absolute magnitude
black holes
chemical potential
mechanical
Electromagnetic
thermal
kinetic
conservation of energy
electrical
temperature
energy source
peripheral
lens
direction
Homeostasis
interneurons
nodes
Puberty
sperm
fertilization
pregnancy
SHORT ANSWER
37. B is older. According to the law of superposition, each layer of horizontal sedimentary rock is older than the
layer above it. A is above B, therefore, B is older.
38. C, E, D
39. You would be much more likely to find fossils in layer C, the sedimentary rock. As an igneous rock, G
formed from very hot, liquid magma that would destroy any fossils.
40. The half-life is 28 years, or the time it takes for one half (50%) of the original amount of strontium-90 to
decay.
41. 56 years
42. No. Fossils can be many thousands or millions of years old. Strontium-90’s half-life is so short that the
amount left undecayed in a fossil would be too small to measure accurately.
43. Barnard’s star
44. Both stars are yellow in color but Alpha Centauri A is slightly brighter than our sun. Our sun is slightly hotter
than Alpha Centauri A.
45. They both have about the same surface temperature and color.
46. Algol, Regulus, Spica, Rigel, Zeta Eridani
47. Deneb is an extremely bright star, white in color, with a surface temperature of about 10,000 degrees Celsius.
48. Aldebaran is very bright and red-orange in color.
49. red giant or supergiant
50. They become white dwarfs.
51. C. At this point, which is the highest point, all of the ball’s energy is gravitational potential energy. The ball
does not have kinetic energy because it is not moving at this point.
52. E. As the ball falls from C to E, potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. The velocity of the ball
increases as it falls, which means that the ball attains its greatest velocity, and thus its greatest kinetic energy,
at E.
53. E. The potential energy of the ball depends on its height. Since E is the lowest point, the ball has the least
amount of potential energy at this point.
54. C. Kinetic energy depends on the speed of the ball. As the ball rises from A to C, it slows down until the point
at which it changes direction and begins to fall.
55. melting
56. freezing
57. the freezing point or melting point
58. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. During the change of
state represented by line B, the temperature of the substance is not changing. Therefore, the average kinetic
energy of the particles is not changing.
59. A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a single function. An organ is a group of tissues that work
together to perform a complex function.
60. Dendrites and axons are parts of a neuron. Dendrites carry impulses from the environment or from other
neurons toward the cell body. Axons carry impulses away from the cell body.
61. Homeostasis is the process by which organisms maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
62. the synapse
63. A motor neuron carries impulses from the spinal cord (central nervous system) to a muscle.
64. neuron; (A) dendrite; (B) cell body; (C) axon; (D) myelin sheath; (E) nucleus
65. Both rods and cones are photoreceptors in the retina. Rods are sensitive to light but do not distinguish colors.
Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but cones respond to light of different colors.
66. The spinal cord is the main communications link between the brain and the rest of the body, transmitting
information, just as a telephone line carries many calls at once.
67. Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules. From there, they travel through the epididymis, vas deferens,
and urethra.
68. In the male body, sperm travel from the testes through the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra. Sperm enter
the female body through the vagina and swim through the cervix, into the uterus, and into the Fallopian tubes.