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County Benchmark Exam #3: Meiosis, Genetics/Heredity, DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis DNA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What is DNA? Where is DNA located in a cell? Describe the structure and shape of DNA. Draw and label the structure/parts of a nucleotide. Explain which DNA bases pair with each other. What is DNA replication? When does it occur and why is it important? Meiosis 1. Explain the purpose of meiosis. 2. Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction to occur? 3. What is crossing over and when does it occur? 4. How does sexual reproduction increase variation within a species? 5. Why is there little variation in asexually reproducing organisms? 6. Identify the number of chromosomes in human haploid cells, diploid cells, sex cells, gametes, and somatic cells. 7. What is the meaning of n and 2n? 8. How is a zygote formed? 9. What is the chromosome # in a zygote? Why or how? 10. Compare parent and daughter cells before and after mitosis (discuss chromosome #s). 11. Compare parent and daughter cells before and after meiosis (discuss chromosome #s). Protein Synthesis 1. Identify and compare the 3 types of RNA (location, function/purpose, etc.) 2. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA (location, function, size/structure/shape, nitrogen bases, etc.) 3. Explain how protein synthesis occurs. Explain the steps of transcription/translation. What is the role of different the types of RNA and of DNA in protein synthesis? 4. How are amino acids coded for? 5. Why are DNA and proteins important to living organisms? 6. What is a mutation? Why are mutations significant? Genetics 1. Explain the difference between dominant and recessive traits and inheritance. 2. Be able to use Punnett squares to complete problems. Draw a diagram to explain how to set up and use a Punnett square. 3. Explain the difference between phenotypes and genotypes. Give examples of each. 4. Explain the difference between heterozygous and homozygous genotypes. Give examples of each. 5. How are sex-linked traits inherited differently than regular traits? 6. What is a pedigree? What can we learn from examining one? Genetic Technology 1. What is recombinant DNA and how is it formed? 2. What is gene splicing? 3. Explain the uses DNA fingerprinting. 4. How do scientists interpret a DNA fingerprint? 5. What is cloning? 6. What are mutations? How are they related to genetic technology and engineering? 7. How can scientists determine degrees of relatedness between organisms? Important Terms 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. mitosis meiosis crossing over haploid diploid somatic cell gamete egg sperm zygote chromosome cell cycle interphase genetics heredity gene allele dominant trait recessive trait homozygous heterozygous phenotype genotype proportions/ratios sex-linked trait monohybrid cross pedigree DNA RNA protein synthesis transcription translation mRNA tRNA rRNA ribosomes nucleus DNA replication mutation amino acid peptide gene splicing DNA fingerprinting cloning recombinant DNA