Download Ch 20 Study Questions

Chapter 20 Study Questions
1a) What are restriction enzymes?
1b) What is the job of restriction enzymes in nature?
1c) How do bacteria protect their own DNA from restriction?
2a) What is “cDNA”?
2b) Why is the making of cDNA for a eukaryotic gene useful?
2c) Why is it necessary?
3) a) List the starting materials necessary for PCR.
b) List the steps of one PCR cycle.
c) What are two benefits of PCR (over using bacterial plasmids for DNA cloning)?
d) List at least two applications of PCR.
4) What does “RFLP” stand for?
4b) How are RFLPs useful in identifying people?
5) What was the goal of the Human Genome Project? When was it completed?
6a) Approximately how many genes do humans have?
6b) Describe three ways that vertebrate genomes “get more bang for the buck.”
7a) Describe the purpose of a DNA microarray.
7b) Outline the steps taken to create a micrarray
8) How does sequencing the genomes of different organisms provide insight into their evolutionary history?
9a) Define “proteomics”
9b) Why is it a necessary field of study?
10) What are SNPs?
How identical is your DNA to another person’s?
11a) How are RFLPs used to diagnose disease?
11b) List 5 diseases whose genes have been cloned (meaning the mutated sequence of DNA is known).
12a) Outline the process of gene therapy using a named example.
12b) Specifically, which somatic cells must be used for gene therapy?
Why?
13) Describe three different safety or ethical considerations raised by modern DNA technology.
14) List three pharmaceutical products (and their uses) of biotechnology.
15a) How are DNA fingerprints used in forensics?
15b) How are STRs used in forensics?
16a) What is a transgenic animal (or plant)?
16b) State 2 examples of the current uses of genetically modified (GM) crops or animals.
16c) List a potential benefit and a possible harmful effect of one GM modification listed in 16b.
17) Outline the basic technique for gene transfer involving plasmids, a host cell (such as bacteria), restriction enzymes, and DNA ligase.
You can use labeled pictures if that helps you explain the process.
18) Outline the technique used to clone Dolly the sheep (an animal using differentiated animal cells). See Campbell pg. 417
19) Discuss the ethical issues of therapeutic cloning in humans.