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AP BIOLOGY – DNA I I. DNA Structure and Replication 1. 2. 3. 4. Genes were known to be on chromosomes in nucleus of cell in ________________. Hereditary material was suspected to be either ________________component of chromosomes. Hereditary material was proved to be DNA. Hershey-Chase (Frederick Griffith? Hint: Mice) o a. _________were labeled with 35S in their protein outer coat; 32P-labeled DNA on inside. o b. When viruses attached to new bacteria, scientists found only ________________ entered cells and produced more viral particles. o c. Therefore only DNA was needed to reproduce these viruses -- DNA was the genetic material. DNA Structure o a. Major discovery by American biologist ________________and English physicist ________________at University of Cambridge, England, 1951. o b. Worked on puzzle made from pieces of data available from other researchers. i. DNA is composed of four ________________each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), and a nitrogen base. ii. The four nitrogen bases are: ________________and ________________both purines with double rings; and ________________and ________________pyrimidines with a single ring. iii. Chemist Erwin Chargaff discovered "________________" in late 1940s: number of purines in DNA equals the number of pyrimidines, amount of T equals the amount of A, and amount of G equals the amount of C. iv. ________________and Maurice Wilkins at King's College, London, prepared ________________photograph suggesting DNA was double helix with bases of constant diameter and stacked. o c. Watson and Crick Model of DNA i. DNA consists of ________________of nucleotides, ________________ ii. _______________ molecules make up sides of ladder, bases make up rungs. iii. The base pairs are ________________: A pairs with T; G pairs with C. iv. The hydrogen bonding of A=T and G=C provide rungs of _______________. v. Watson and Crick built DNA model of ________________ vi. Their historic paper describing structure pointed out "possible copying mechanism for the genetic material." 5. 6. 7. Complimentary Base Pairing o a. Purine is always bonded to a________________. o b. Bases can be in any order, providing overwhelming variability; a chromosome can have ________________base pairs with total number of possible nucleotide sequences in the chromosome of 4140,000,000. DNA Replication: Unzipping and Molding o a. In double-stranded DNA, replication is possible because each strand serves as t________________ for complementary strand. o b. First step of replication involves DNA strands unwinding and unzipping; hydrogen bonds between bases broken by enzyme called ________________. o c. New complementary nucleotides move into place by ________________________________opposite each original template strand. o d. Complementary nucleotides join together by enzyme ________________ o e. DNA again is double stranded with two DNA molecules identical to original molecule. o f. ________________________________means each new double helix has one parental strand conserved, and one new strand. Cancer involves rapidly dividing cells; chemotherapeutic drugs stop replication by providing analogs of the________________________________, thus stopping synthesis of effective DNA. II. THE IMPORTANCE OF DNA 1. 2. 3. DNA serves in nucleus as template for RNA ________________which in turn is used to synthesize proteins ________________in ribosomes of cell cytoplasm. Structure of RNA (ribonucleic acid) o a. RNA is ______________ like DNA but has sugar_____________, not deoxyribose o b. Pyrimidine thymine of DNA is replaced by pyrimidine ________________in RNA; therefore in RNA, ________________ pairs with uracil. o c. RNA is ________________unless it doubles back on itself. Three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis: o a. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries ______________of bases from nucleus to ribosomes. o b. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is found in ________________ o c. Transfer RNA (tRNA) ________________ amino acids to ribosomes. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. DNA Controls the Cell o a. Occurrence of inherited metabolic disorders pointed to genes controlling cell metabolism. i. In phenylketonuria (PKU), mental retardation is due to inability to convert ________________ to tyrosine. ii. In albinism, tyrosine cannot be converted to melanin skin pigment. o b. Evolution of gene -- product concepts: i. Early experiments with bread mold ________________ led to "one gene -________________" hypothesis. ii. This was broadened to one gene -- one protein since not all proteins are enzymes; for example, ________________ iii. When it was discovered some proteins have more than one polypeptide, hypothesis became one gene -- one ________________ Overview of Protein Synthesis o a. DNA both codes for its replication and is template for RNA formation. o b________________ makes an RNA molecule complementary to a portion of DNA. o c. ________________using labeled RNA show it moving through pores of nucleus to cytoplasm. o d. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries information for synthesis of ________________ o e. ________________uses this information to sequence amino acids of polypeptide. DNA Base Sequence is Coded o a. Order of bases in DNA codes for order of amino acids in polypeptides. o b. A ________________of four bases would supply 64 different triplets, far more than needed to code for the 20 essential and different amino acids; a doublet code would only provide 16 combinations. o c. A __________ is a "three letter" unit of three nucleotides in messenger RNA (mRNA). o d. All 64 mRNA codons have been ________________ o e. ______________codons correspond to a particular amino acid; three are stop codons. o f. One codon for methionine is also a start codon_______________ polypeptide formation. Genetic code is essentially universal. o a. Codons stand for same amino acids in most __________________________________. o b. Uniformity suggests all living things have common ________________. Transcription o a. During transcription, portion of DNA helix ________________. o b. Complementary ________________pair with DNA nucleotides of one strand. o c. RNA nucleotides are joined together by ________________ o d. On RNA, uracil substitutes for thymine; where A, T, G, or C is present in DNA template, U, A, C, or G is incorporated into mRNA. 9. Processing Strips Introns from mRNA o a. Exons are portions of DNA that are ultimately _____________ by producing proteins. o b. Introns are segments of DNA between genes and are ________________ (intragene segments). o c. Transcription produces mRNA complementary to both exons and introns. o d. Nucleotides complementary to introns are processed or e________________ removed before mRNA exits from nucleus. o e. ___________ are enzymes that remove introns; therefore, not all enzymes are proteins. o f. In eukaryotes, after processing occurs in nucleus, it passes into cytoplasm to ribosomes. 10. Translation o a. During translation, sequence of codons in mRNA determines order of amino acids in polypeptide. o b. Term translation is because sequence of DNA bases is finally________________ into sequence of amino acids. o c. Requires several enzymes, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA. 11. Transfer RNA (tRNA) o a. Transfer RNA molecules bring ________________to ribosomes in cytoplasm. o b. Single-stranded nuclei acid doubles back on itself with ________________across complementary bases. o c. An amino acid binds at one end of tRNA molecule; requires ___________. o d. Research underway on how correct amino acid joins correct tRNA; tRNA synthetase recognizes correct amino acid. o e. Opposite end has specific ___________. which binds complementarily to mRNA codon. o f. Example: Codon ACC has anticodon UGG to produce amino acid threonine. 12. Ribosomal RNA o a. Called ___________ ; found in ribosome. o b. Produced in nucleolus inside nucleus. o c. Joins with ________migrated in from cytoplasm. o d. Ribosomal subunits then migrate to ___________. o e. Subunits join as protein synthesis begins; small subunit has one rRNA and proteins; large subunit has two __________ plus proteins and subunits are joined by peptide bond. 13. Translation in Three Steps o a. Initiation: mRNA binds to smaller, then larger of the two ribosomal subunits. o b. Elongation: i. Polypeptide chain lengthens one __________ at a time. ii. Ribosome has sites to accommodate two tRNA molecules, an incoming tRNA-amino acid complex and outgoing tRNA. iii. Ribosome moves __________. so that next mRNA codon is available to receive incoming tRNA_amino acid complex. o c. Termination: i. Occurs at ___________ on mRNA. ii. The two ribosome subunits dissociate from mRNA. o d. ___________ ___________. are several ribosomes that move along one mRNA at a time.