Download Harry Truman

Cold War Notes and
President Harry Truman
Timeline of Cold War Events
* Feb. 1945- Yalta “Big Three”- Eastern European Governments were
supposed to be Freely Elected Democratic governments. All of them
turned out to be pro Soviet.*Korea divided at 38th Parallel pg. 867
* July 1945- Truman took the “Hardline” with Stalin at the Potsdam
Conference.
(Truman replaced FDR - April 1945,
Atlee replaced Churchill - July 1945)
*Stalin refused to allow “Free Elections” in many Eastern
European nations. (Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, etc)
* 1946- Russia invaded Iran, refused to remove troops from Iran. Truman
protested and Stalin backed down.pg. 874
* 1947 -The United States passed: the National Defense Act.
*NSA-National Security Advisor, CIA-Central Intelligence
Agency, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. pg. 877
* 1946-47- Turkey and Greece-Greek communist (assisted by Russia),
pressured both Greece and Turkey in an attempt to destabilize
their governments and inspire a communist take-over.
*Greek Communists tried to control the Dardanelles. pg. 874
* March 1947- The Truman Doctrine $400,000,000 in aid to Greece and
Turkey to fight communism.
* April 1948- Marshall Plan: $12.5 billion.
*Proposed June 5, 1947- made independent law in March 1948.
*5 year program to rebuild the European economy after
World War II. pg. 875
* May 14, 1948- Israel became an independent nation and the United
States was the first country to recognize them as a sovereign nation. pg.876
The Palestinians are Arabs who live in Palestine.
*(PLO= Palestinian Liberation Organization/ West Bank=Arabs)
*David Merritt (5-6-09)- Putting the Palestinians on the West
Bank, was similar to Apartheid in South Africa, where Africans
had to live separately from whites.
* June 24, 1948- Berlin blockade: Soviet troops refused to allow anyone
but communists to enter the city of Berlin, Germany.
All roads, railroads, and canals, into West Berlin were closed. Map pg. 873
Postwar Germany, a divided Nation! = East and West Germany.
* Jan. 1949- Point Four Program created by Harry Truman to give
economic aid to underdeveloped countries in the world
in order to raise the standard of living and thus fight
communism. Jan. 20, 1949
pg. 876
* April 1949- NATO created- an alliance of European nations who were
non-communists and wanted to contain communism and to
prevent it from spreading in Europe.
***George F. Kennan-Containment*** (pg. 874)
* 1949- Indo-China divided into Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia. These nations
were comprised from the former French colonial empire in Indochina.
* Sept.23, 1949- Russia explodes an A-Bomb (The Rosenbergs gave the
Soviets the plans for the bomb but it took 4 years for Russia
to build the bomb.)
* Oct. 1, 1949- China becomes “Red China” – Chinese communists led
by Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong), win the Chinese civil war and created a
communist state in China. Chiang-Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) flees mainland
China and established Nationalist Chinese government on the island of
Taiwan. pg. 878 = Nationalist Chinese government represents China in the
UN from 1949 – 1971.
WAR* June 25, 1950- North Korea invaded South Korea: this is the beginning
of the Korean War!!! pg. 883 North Korea V. South Korea
1950 - The McCarran Act – made it illegal for Americans to engage in
activities that would create a Communist government. It required Communist
organizations to register with the federal government. Communists were not
allowed to work in defense plants or to obtain United States passports.
* Nov. 1952- Ike Eisenhower vs. Adlai Stevenson in the U.S.A
Presidential race - Eisenhower” Ike” won.
MAJOR POLITICAL ISSUE IN THE ELECTION:
The Korean War - The Democrats and Truman are accused
of being - “soft on Communism.”
* March 5, 1953- Joe Stalin dies and is replaced by a new Russian
Communist leader named Nikita Khrushchev. (pg. 900)
* July 27, 1953- Korean armistice signed. pg. 889 Our Army remained in Korea!
WAR* 1953- May 4, 1954- Vietnamese Civil War. Dienbienphu, (a fortress in
South Vietnam) fell to North Vietnamese Communists.
This ended French control of Indochina. pg. 900
*Ho Chi Minh- the North Vietnamese leader= leader
of the Viet Minh.
* July 1954- The Geneva Conference in Geneva Switzerland- the
French lose their Empire in Indochina and Vietnam is
divided into North and South Vietnam. (17th parallel-the
dividing line).pg. 900- Key Term =”Multinational”
* Sept. 8, 1954- SEATO is created. The South-East Asian organization of
non-Communist nations pledged to stop the spread of
communism in Asia.
* June 1956- Polish Revolt: Poles resist communist armies in Poland, ask
for US help, US unable to provide assistance, it is crushed
by the Soviets.
* Oct. 23, 1956- Hungarian Nationalists revolt (Freedom Fighters)
against Communist rule in Hungary, ask for US help, we are
unable to provide assistance; Russian tanks kill the
Hungarians in the city of Budapest. pg. 899
* Oct. 29, 1956- Egypt invaded Israel= The Suez Crisis; The
Russians back Egypt, the United States reluctantly
backed Israel. pg. 901
* July 1958- Summit Conference- “Big Four” –
USA, USSR, France, England
Harry Truman
1945-1952
I. Life in the United States following WWII : pg.858--865
Map: Learn the 10 Communists Block Nations – be able to put them on a Map.
Theme: Give ‘em Hell! Harry. “The buck stops here.”
*The Mind-Set in the US following WWII [pg. 858-886]
THE WAR’S OVER, LET’S GO HOME!!!
* Fear that the depression would return – we were not real confident that our
economy was strong.
* G.I. Bill (Government Issue) – Government loans for veterans to go to college.
* VA – Veteran’s Administration – FHA + VA home loans for veterans
* Strikes and Taft-Hartley Law: Outlawed the “Closed” (all union) shops and
allowed the President to mandate a 60 day “Cooling Off” period before
workers could strike.
1. 60 Day Cooling Off
2. Oath – Union leaders must take loyalty oath to the USA
3. No Closed Shop!
*Right to Work laws and Right to Work state - non union states. Following
WWII, unions were extremely strong because FDR loved them and they voted
for Democrats. (Even though Truman was a Democrat, Congress felt unions
were out of control.) CIO – John L. Lewis, AFL – William Green,
UAW - Walter Ruther.
The New President – Harry S Truman (the President who dropped the BOMB)
* The Fair Deal - Truman’s Program
* 1947- Jackie Robinson and Civil Rights- No. 42
* 1948- Truman desegregates the United States military.
* The Two New Superpowers: USA vs. USSR - The Conflict that develops between
them. *Yalta *Germany * Iran  Pattern of Cold War:
Conflict, Intimidation… See who backs down! *Greece and Turkey
*Kennan and Containment = Truman Doctrine + Marshall Plan.
* 1948 Election
Republican
John Dewey
Democrat
Harry S Truman
Issues: Cold War, Segregation, Communism, the Economy, and Dixiecrats.
* Truman goes to bed on election night, thinking he lost the election, newspapers
had already printed ‘DEWEY WINS’, but when Truman woke up, he had won the
election. Picture pg. 882
* The 1948-49 Scenario: The Years the Cold War Jelled [pg. 897]
- 1.America: Red Conscious
- 2.America: Changes Perception of Russia
NUKES
- 3.America: Rearms
* 4.China: Becomes Communists/ Red China: Will other Asian Nation that fall
into the hands of Communists = The Domino Theory!!
The Cold War
A Review
1. The causes
1. ________________
2. ________________
3._______________
4._______________
2. The Yalta Conference
Read: Don't Know Much About History: p. 311
When? _____________
Where? _____________
Who met? ______________
___________________
FDR's 3 Goals:
1. ___________________
2. ___________________
3. ___________________
The most important was..?
The price for Stalin's help!
1. _________________ and __________________
2. _________________ and __________________
3. Korea
4. Veto power in the U.N.
Also: Eastern Europe: The “Iron Curtain Countries”
10 Nations: Be Able to locate these countries on a Map for the Test!!!
Why did FDR do it??
3. America: At home in the 50ies
Read: Don't Know Much About History: p.320
7 characteristics of 50ies America
1. Fear of the return of the Depression “The Long Boom”
2. Prosperity and Normality = Conformity
3. 4 million TVs sold
4. Suburbia – Levitt Homes
5. Baby Boom (Read article from newspaper: We are Gen-X)
6. Red Scare/HUAC: Alger Hiss and Whitaker Chambers.
7. Non-Conformists: The Beatniks
1946 – 1964
Boomers
1963 – 1977
Gen-X – Apathy
1978 – 2000
Echo Boomers
1995 - ?
Millennials or “The Entitlement Generation”
The American author and playwright Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible in early
1950s in response to the actions taken by a Senate investigating committee led by
Joseph McCarthy. Miller compared the witch hunts of Salem, Massachusetts,
during the colonial period with McCarthy’s actions toward American citizens
during the Red Scare.
Unions: CIO [Since 1938] or Congress on Industrial Organization = “Operation
Dixie” aimed at unionizing southern textile workers and steelworkers. It failed!!!
Union membership peaked in the 1950’s.
The Long Economic Boom: 1950-1970. National income doubled. The boom
underwrote social mobility and paved the way for the eventual success of the civil
rights movement!! Women reaped a greater reward of the post war prosperity
than any other group. Why??
*Military budgets = Because of the Cold War we were on “Permanent War
Economy”.
* Cheap energy fed the economic boom (The United States was the world’s
number 1 producer of oil in 1945).
* Increased productivity of the American worker.
Truman’s Legacy:
1. Policy of Containment (George F. Kennan)
2. Desegregation of the US military (1948)
3. Taft/Hartley Law
II. THE COLD WAR AND AMERICA’S RESPONSE TO IT!!! Pg. 866—883
4. The Nuremberg Trials: 1945 – 1949- (p. 879, 893)
Trials of War Criminals - 12 hung
Von Ribbentrop/Goering- cyanidecide/ Herman Hess
5. 1st battle in the Cold War: Iran (Iranians are Persians) – Russia invaded
the Northern area of Iran and planned to occupy the oil fields of
northern Iran. (The oil wells were built by the British Petroleum Ind.)
*1946 – President Truman told the Russians to leave and refused to back
down. (p. 851)
*The Shah of Iran was able to keep power and the Russians were
forced to leave, because the U.S. backed his regime.
(Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, was the Shah of Iran- was
Pro-American. The people of Iran are mostly Muslim, and
when the United States backed Israel in 1948;The Religious
leaders in Iran were very Anti- American.
*In 1951there is a Crisis in Iran: Mossadegh, a Muslim
backed by Russia, tried to take control of Iran from the
Shah) –The U.S. again backed the Shah. (The Shah retained
his throne). The CIA led by Kermit Roosevelt dethroned Mossadegh.
*1977 – 1978: The Shah was forced to leave Iran / The Ayatolla
Khomeini staged the Iranian revolution of 1978 and became
the new religious ruler of Iran - Iran Hostage Crisis: 1979 – 1980.
(53 Americans were taken hostage and held as prisoners for
about 16 months in the American Embassy in Teheran)
Jan. 1981 – R. Reagan took U.S. Embassy staff back by force.
6. 2nd Battle: Greece and Turkey
p. 874
* Stalin wanted a warm water sea port - Russia backed Greek and
Turkish Communists in their attempt to seize control of Greece
and Turkey and turn them into Communist States.
*50,000 Greek children snatched by communists
U.S. Response → Truman Doctrine
Read: Don't Know Much About History
p. 321 – Truman doc.
*400 million dollars in economic aid to fight Communism.
BECAUSE OF THE ATTACKS ON IRAN, GREECE, AND TURKEY THE
UNITED STATES REALIZED SHE WAS IN A GLOBAL CONFLICT TO STOP
THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM.
*George F. Kennan – founder of the policy of Containment (containment is a
foreign policy adopted by the U.S. to restrain the spread of Communism around the
world).
-Dean Acheson-Secretary of State, under Truman (1949 – 1953) (p. 874)
*Marshall Plan- To contain communism the U.S. sent an
economic stimulus plan to rebuild the economy of Europe
after WWII (12.5 Billion dollars)
*NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization- This was an
organization of nations in Europe opposed to communism
and the spread of communism.
Notes: p. 1+2 – Kennan Article / Truman Doctrine/
Marshall Plan
p. 875
BECAUSE THE U.S. REALIZED SHE WAS IN A WAR AGAINST COMMUNIST
IMPERIALISM, SHE BEGAN TO REARM. HOW??
*1947 – Nat'l Security Act: This law began the process of
building an army to fight the cold war.
* Built the Pentagon
*Defense Department
*CIA
*NSA
*Voice of America
Allen Dulles - 1st Director
of the CIA p. 877
What was the Conflict about? Soviets promoted the idea of class warfare
a Proletariat (workers/poor) vs. the Capitalist Monster (the bourgeois/ rich).
p. 886= COMECON (Notes p. 2) - The Communist promised the
people Land / Bread / Peace.
p. 879 Alger Hiss: The Beginning of the Red Scare
Read: Don't Know Much About History (p. 323) The Pumpkin Papers.
1948 – Alger Hiss case p. 325 Richard Nixon/Whittaker Chambers / House
Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) - this committee held hearings to
investigate and identify communist in the State Department. The Rosenbergs
trial (1951) – Ethel Rosenberg gave the plans to the atomic bomb to Stalin.
7. The 48 / 49 Scenario: Because England, France, the Netherlands, and
Belgium’s economies were ruined by WWII, these countries could not
afford to keep armies in their colonial possessions; thus these countries
were forced to withdraw (downsize) from their colonies in Africa, India, Egypt,
and Indo-China. These former colonies became hot spots in the Cold War.
* Presidential Election of 1948: Harry Truman(D) ran for reelection vs. Thomas Dewey(R) (organized crime fighter)
Dewey was supposed to win – Truman surprised him
(p.822/902) * Who are the Dixiecrats? Truman desegregated the
United States military in 1948.
*A weakened England had to withdraw from much of her Colonial
Empire after WW II. : India, Egypt, and Palestine.
India:
1947 – Mahatma Gandhi – Peaceful protest against British
occupation of India, England withdrew from India in 1947.
Assassinated - January 30th, 1948. “Peaceful Demonstration”
1948 – India became an independent nation, after England withdrew
her army from India.
Nehru – First Prime Minister of India
Egypt:
:
1936 - Egypt: England pulled her army out of Egypt – King Farouk
ruled Egypt (He was a Muslim by religion).
WWII – The Nazis attacked Egypt and England intervened (The
Battle of El Alemen) .
1948 - England withdrew her army from Egypt ← England had been a
major player in keeping peace between the Arab World and
the Jews of Israel.
*1952 – Coup d’état / the Coup made Egypt a Republic in
1953.
*1956 – Col. Gamal Abdel Nasser became president of
Egypt . (p. 901)
*Suez Crisis-1956- Egypt Seizes the Suez Canal and declares war
against Israel.
Israel:
Israel: Palestine –The Exodus (*Jerusalem*)
1897 – Theodore Herzl organized Zionism.
Zionism – a political movement to create a Jewish
national homeland in Palestine.
1917 –The Belfour Declaration: during WWI this diplomatic note
was sent to London it suggested creating a National State for Jews in
Palestine.
*This note came after Lawrence of Arabia - a British
soldier was able to unite the Arabs with England to war against
Turkey (Ottoman Empire) and Germany during WWI. (After WW I
England occupied Palestine.)
*Chaim Weizmann – A Jewish Nationalist who encouraged Jews
from Europe to settle in Palestine (before WWII).
1945-47 – European Jews from war -torn Europe who had lost
their homes, and had nowhere to go because of WWII; flocked to Palestine
to settle in their traditional homeland / This is called the Exodus!!
1948- The British army pulled out of Palestine. When the British pulled
out a civil war began in Palestine between Palestinian Arabs and the Jews.
*Nuremberg Trials: trials of Nazi war criminals in Europe revealed the =
Holocaust. ( The mass murder of between 4 and 6 million Jews by
the Nazis in Nazi Concentration Camps during WWII). The migration of
European Jews after WWII called DPs (DPs - displaced persons) helped create
a Jewish population or presence in Israel. These factors (the Holocaust and the
DPs, helped create world-wide sympathy for the Jews, and pressure to create the
State of Israel.
When Britain pulled out of Palestine a war began.
The Arab-Israeli War (1948) – Arabs unite to eradicate Israel
by force. Israel won – Then the U.S. was the 1st country to recognize
Israel as a Nation. . 1948 Israel became a Nation
*After the war the U.N. divided Palestine into a Jewish State and
Arab State. The Jews lived in Israel and the Palestinians were forced to
live in a newly created territory called “the West Bank”. On the west bank
of the Jordan river.
*Dome of the Rock: Arab Temple built on the site of
Solomon’s Temple.
*1948 The Alger Hiss Case – communists spy case in USA.
*1948 – Israel became a nation (May)
1. David Ben-Gurion - 1st Prime Minister
2. Golda Meir Prime Minister 69-74
*1948 – Berlin blockade (June)
*1949 – Russia got the A-bomb (Sept. 1949)s
*1949 –Communists of China won Civil War in
China = Red China .(Oct. 1949)
*1956- Israel Invaded Egypt ( Egypt “fedayeen” carry out
surprise attacks on Israeli farm settlements causing a war
* 1957- Eisenhower Doctrine-Jan. 1957 to fight communism
in the Middle East.(1.$ 200,000,000 economic aid, 2.
military assistance, 3. troops to any Middle Eastern Nation
requesting them.
The Cold War Developed into a conflict in 4 areas of the world.
each sphere had “Hot Spots” that heated up at various times.
#1. Europe :
*Berlin
*Hungarian Revolt “56”
*Berlin – 61 The Wall
#3. Middle East:
*1948-Arab / Israeli War
*1956-Suez Crisis
*1973-6 Day War
#2. Asia:
#4. Cuba:
*Japan-1951
1959-Baptista /*Castro
*China – Copy timeline of
1961-Bay of Pigs
notes on China
1962-Missile Crisis
4 leaders :Sun Yat-sen, Chiang
Kai-shek,Mao Tse-tung, and Deng
Xiaoping . * The Domino Theory
*Korea-divided at Yalta(45) *Vietnam-divide at Geneva.(49)
A. Germany: a divided nation (p. 879)
Partitioned – West Germany *Bonn - (a Democratic State).
East Germany *Berlin – DDR (a Communists State)
Berlin: The site of conflict between Russia and the U S.
*1948 – The Berlin Airlift
- The Iron Curtain
B. Russian Communists leaders:
1917 – Lenin – communism first communist leader.
1924-27 – Trotsky and Stalin, fight for dominance of Russia.
1927 – Joe Stalin
1953 – Nikita Khrushchev
1964 – Kosygin(disappears by 1968?) – Brezhnev (1982)
1982- Yuri Andropov
1984- Konstantin Cherneko
1985- Mikail Gorbachev – 2nd Generation Communist
Glasnost – openness in government
Perestroika – a little bit of Capitalism
C. Asia
*Japan occupied by United States forces under Gen. MacArthur
p. 884.September 8,1951-full sovereignty was restored to
Japan by the Japanese Peace Treaty signed in San
Francisco.
1947 – Constitution for Japan adopted.
1951 – Peace and sovereignty restored.
1945-1972-Okinawa-occupied by USA until 1972,(when it
was returned to Japan).
*China
p. 885
1945 –1949 - Civil War: Communists Vs Chiang’s Nationalist
Government.
*Copy timeline from overhead
*Marshall sent recommendation:
*Wedemeyer Report – said Chiang Kai-Shek would
win the civil war. The report was in error!
1949 = Red China- The Communists won control of
mainland China.
*Vietnam: The Vietnam War divided in 1948.
* See notes on the Vietnam War.
p. 921 – map.
p.928
p. 933
p. 935
III. THE KOREAN WAR 1950 --1953 pg. 883—886.
Korean War!!!!!
map, p. 890
1945 –Korea was Divided into two zones: North Korea – a Russian Zone
South Korea – zone to have free elections in the future.
*Kim Il Sung – Korean Nationalists leader sided with Soviets to
create the Nation State of Korea.
* Korea : p. 889 – map p.890 See notes on the Korean War.
→Read : Don't Know Much About History p. 331 How did the Korean War begin??
1948 – Free elections were held in South Korea :
*As a result of the elections Syngman Rhee won election as the President
Of the South –Which came to be called the Republic of Korea ( ROK).
*After the elections, U.S. began to withdraw her troops from
Korea. The North Korean Government took this withdrawal as a sign
that she could occupy South Korea. The North invaded the ROK and
the invasion lead to WAR!!!!!
The Korean War: KEY EVENTS
1. June 25, 1950-*Invasion
2. June 30, 1950-*Pusan
3.Sept. 1950-* Inchon-T P
Turning Point.
4.* Oct.-Yalu River(China).
enters-November,1950:
5.*Communist China enters War
6.*announcement by MacArthur
(December1950)
7. *MacArthur removed
4/11/1951
8. *Ridgeway replaced MacArthur
9. *Stalemate -1952
10.*1952 Election: Ike wins.
11.*Ike – Brings about an
Armistice.
12.July 1953 end of fighting.
*Famous Quote –“Old soldiers never die.”D.MacArthur.
*Russian Mig – (Russian airplane)