Download 13. Jared Lee, “Harmful Effects Of Junk Food”, 2010.

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR
DISSERTATION
1
NAME OF THE
CANDIDATE AND
ADDRESS
2
3
4
NAME OF THE
INSTITUTION
COURSE OF STUDY
AND SUBJECT
Mr. PRAVEEN. T. P
1st YEAR MSc. NURSING STUDENT,
N.D.R.K. COLLEGE OF NURSING
B.M. ROAD HASSAN, KARNATAKA.
N.D.R.K. COLLEGE OF NURSING, B.M. ROAD,
HASSAN, KARNATAKA.
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING
(COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING)
DATE OF ADMISSION
TO THE COURSE
15/06/2010
TITLE OF THE TOPIC
“EFFECTIVENESS OF STP ON KNOWLEDGE AND
ATTITUDE REGARDING JUNK FOODS AND ITS
HAZARDS AMONG THE PU STUDENTS OF
SELECTED COLLEGES AT RURAL AND URBAN
AREAS AT HASSAN, KARNATAKA.”
STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
“A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF STP ON KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE
REGARDING JUNK FOODS AND ITS HAZARDS
AMONG THE PU STUDENTS OF SELECTED
COLLEGES AT RURAL AND URBAN AREAS AT
HASSAN, KARNATAKA.”
5
5.1
6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The swelling ranks of diabetics can consider themselves victims of the Food Giants.
BEATING THE FOOD GIANTS by Paul A. Stitt1
Habits starts young, and it is up to the environment (home and school primarily) to
cultivate healthy habits in children, the school being the next-best ‘home of learning and
nurturing’. With the rise in the incidence of obesity and overweight amongst youngsters and
adults; the dark -side of ‘junk-food’ cannot be overlooked. The statistics of America records
sixty million deaths every year due to obesity or overweight, which quietly and surely boils
down to poor lifestyle and eating habits.2
According to Wikipedia, junk food is a term describing food that is perceived to be
unhealthy or having poor nutritional value, according to Food Standards Agency. The term is
believed to have been coined by Michael Jacobson, director of the Center for Science in the
Public Interest, in 1972. The term has since become common usage. Junk Food includes those
food items that do not add any value to a person’s diet. Here, value denotes essential nutrients,
vitamins & minerals. Street food and fast food are also taken in the same context as junk. 3
The phrase "junk food" itself speaks of endangerment to health. Junk foods are deemed
to be trash foods as they are high in fat and sugar components regardless of how they are labeled
by manufacturers. The apparent effect of junk food on health administers when there is excess in
intake. Teenagers comprise the higher bulk of junk food fanatics and they seem to be unhealthy
with such a lifestyle of munching in chips, fries, crackers and other snack foods in front of the
television. Majority of junk food choices do not deliver beneficial nutritional values, but you
could actually integrate a few junk foods in your diet with an assurance that it is of moderate
amount. 4
2
Healthy nutritious foods have been replaced by the new food mantra - JUNK FOOD!
Junk food comprises of anything that is quick, tasty, convenient and fashionable. It seems to
have engulfed every age; every race and the newest entrants are children. Wafers, colas, pizzas
and burgers are suddenly the most important thing. The commonest scenario is a child who
returns from school and plonks himself in front of the television, faithfully accompanied by a
bowl of wafers and a can of cola. Children suddenly seem to have stepped into a world of fast
foods and vending machines, totally unaware of the havoc they are creating for themselves. For
children who have less vision of the heart disease, cancer, high blood pressure or diabetes that
might befall them decades later, the tentacles of a junk food environment are virtually
inescapable. Studies reveal that as early as the age of 30, arteries could beginning clogging and
lay the groundwork for future heart attacks. What children eat from puberty affects their risks of
prostate and breast cancer. Osteoporosis and hypertension are other diseases that appear to have
their earliest roots in childhood when lifelong eating habits are being formed. Children are
especially vulnerable. Poor diets can slow growth, decay new teeth, promote obesity and sow the
seeds of infirmity and debilitating disease that ultimately lead to incurable disease and death or
worse make life insufferable. 5
A study of the eating habits of American teenagers found a link between the length of
time young people spent in front of the television and the quality of what they ate in later life.
Teenagers who watch more than five hours of television a day eat more junk food in adult life
than those who view less. Researchers chose just under 2,000 pupils at middle schools and high
schools in America and surveyed how many hours of television they watched per day. They
returned five years later, when the younger volunteers were in their late teens and the older ones
were in their early 20s, and analyzed their diets. The scientists found that those who had been
watching most television five years before had significantly higher intakes of fried food, sugary
drinks and snacks but much lower consumption of vegetables, fruit and fibre. Average, young
adults who watched more than five hours a day of television as teenagers had a 10 per cent
higher calorie intake than those who had spent less than two hours a day in front of the box.
Their average fast food intake was 15 per cent higher and their consumption of sugary drinks
was 17 per cent higher than those who watched least television as teenagers, the study published
in the International Journal of Behavioral (corr) Nutrition and Physical Activity, shows. 6
3
The rich and the middle class are spending more on unhealthy food, according to
the quick estimates of the national consumption expenditure 2007-08. The study measures
the amount of money that consumers spend on food. This has led to increase in incidence of
lifestyle-related diseases. The report was released by the Central Statistical Organization,
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, on January 30. The report was
compiled using data obtained from sales tax records in the country between 2000 and 2008.
The results showed that expenditure on beverages, paan and intoxicants almost doubled
from 1.6 per cent to 3.1 per cent. The money spent in restaurants increased from 1.9 to 2.6
per cent. Expenditure on healthy food like cereals and pulses reduced from 11.7 to 9.6 per
cent and consumption of fruits and vegetables slumped from 9.5 to 7.7 per cent. “The
repercussions of such unhealthy lifestyles are obesity, diabetes and heart diseases,” said S K
Wangnoo, senior consultant in Endocrinology at the Apollo Hospital, Delhi. He pointed out
India, with over 45 million diabetics, is already the diabetes capital of the world. The
expenditure estimates said money spent on healthcare rose from 4.7 per cent to 5.7 per cent.
Sedentary lifestyle and easy access to unhealthy food items are some of the reasons cited for
the rise in incidence of lifestyle related diseases. The World Bank has said that by 2015,
coronary heart disease would become the leading cause of premature deaths in India. 7
6.2. NEED FOR THE STUDY
Recent study from Oxford University tells us that in the U.K. 80 percent of
men and almost 70 percent of women will be overweight or obese by 2020. Since many weight
problems can be traced to eating large amounts of junk and processed foods. Study just found
that a diet with unlimited junk food desensitizes the pleasure centers of the brain. As a
consequence, more and more junk foods were required to feel the same level of pleasure. 8
The junk factor of pizza comes from the cheese sprinkled over the vegetables. Even
though cheese is good for health, an excess of it is not recommended. And of course, the pizza
base, made out of refined flour, does contain empty calories. Now, the burger, which is a favorite
of a majority of junkies, contains a loaf of meat & vegetables like lettuce, cabbage & tomato,
sandwiched between two buns. Although meat is known to be rich in protein, what makes the
burger junk is the refined flour that’s used to make the buns, and the oodles of mayonnaise &
4
butter added to the filling so that the 3 layers stick to one another, even while eating. Coming to
Indian junk food, locally called ‘chaat’, these mostly include the very famous samosas, kachoris,
panipuris/golgappas and patties. These are fried items with various fillings within an outer layer
made of refined flour. In India, even Chinese food sold in road-side stalls is junk food because
they contain high amount of Monosodium Glutamate (MSG), which is a flavor enhancer. MSG is
recognized as a health hazard if taken in larger quantities.2
The study involved 1,600 Australians aged about 14, who are a part of the Raine
Cohort Study being undertaken in the country. Lead researcher Dr. Wendy Oddy said that
teenagers who ate more junk food, red meat, confectionary, soft drinks, white bread and
unrefined cereals had emotional and behavior problems.9
A new study just found that a diet with unlimited junk food desensitizes the pleasure
centers of the brain. As a consequence, more and more junk foods were required to feel the same
level of pleasure. Junk foods deteriorate the brain because they actually deteriorate the entire
body. In fact, processed foods, particularly junk foods, are at the root of a great deal of aging and
disease. In addition, they overwork the liver and cause an accumulation of chemicals in the body
because junk and processed foods are often full of unnatural chemicals. Eating them also
deprives our bodies of the whole foods from nature that we're meant to be eating. And these
researchers found that this was enough to desensitize us to pleasure by deteriorating the brain.8
Another recent study from Oxford University tells us that in the U.K. 80 percent of men
and almost 70 percent of women will be overweight or obese by 2020. Since many weight
problems can be traced to eating large amounts of junk and processed foods, that's a whole lot of
pleasure desensitization and brain deterioration going on - and it might add up to a whole bunch
of depressed people. At least now more people will better understand one of the primary causes
of feeling blue and unsatisfied in their lives - and can change their behavior accordingly. 10
Results of the United Kingdom's National Diet and Nutrition Survey shows Teenage
girls eat substantially worse than teenage boys and older women. The average teenage girl
consumed 54 grams of French fries or other fried potatoes per day, in comparison with only 40
grams per day among women between the ages of 19 and 65. Teenage girls consumed 14 grams
of potato chips and other salty snacks each day, 22 grams of chocolate and candy, and 37 grams
5
of cakes and cookies. In contrast, adult women consumed only 6 grams, 10 grams and 27 grams
of these foods per day, respectively. Teenage girls were getting an average of 13.1 percent of
their daily calories from saturated fat, higher than both the percentage in boys (12.7 percent) and
the recommended daily maximum (11 percent). When it came to sugar consumption, girls
performed marginally better than boys but were still above the daily maximum, acquiring 15
percent of their daily calories from sugar. Boys were getting 16.3 percent of their daily calories
from sugar, in comparison with the recommended maximum of 11 percent.11
A study conducted on Delhi’s school going children showed 18 per cent of the
children were overweight. The study was carried out by Anoop Mishra from the Fortis Hospital in
Delhi and published in the journal Nutrition in 2004. The study estimated that 15-20 per cent of
urban schoolchildren in India are at risk of developingtype-2diabetes. 12
Listed below is some important health complications caused due to sumptuous
consumption of junk food. Lack of energy, Poor Concentration, Heart Diseases, Liver Failure,
and Diabetes: Junk foods also cause damage to the pancreas resulting in insulin-dependant
diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
Here’s a look on why you need to cut down on junk food eating:

Junk food is made using a lot of saturated fats. Such fats are unhealthy and on digestion
can release a lot of toxins into your body. You body gets food but not healthy food.

Junk food is sometime made using ingredients that are not very clean. This can in the
long run spoil your stomach, liver and intestines.

Junk food does not contain vitamins and minerals and much of the nutrients seen in
properly cooked food and in raw food. The body is not getting the necessary vitamins and
minerals necessary to have good health and immunity from diseases. Consequently, it
makes the person having such food very prone to illnesses.

Junk food makes you put on weight. People who have obesity or morbid obesity are those
who have a preference for junk food and snacking.
6

Eating junk food can make you prone to diabetes, because it contain too much of sugar.
You can also become susceptible to heart disease and blood pressure because of the salt
and high fats found in this kind of food.

Packed junk food contains preservatives and coloring, both of which contain carcinogenic
substances.

In the long run, junk food actually fastens the effects of aging. People show signs of old
age faster because of continuously eating junk food. This is because continuous eating of
junk food exposes the body to long periods of bad nutrition. The result is release of free
radicals which are the chief factors responsible for aging effect.

At many fast-food restaurants, a single meal gives a disproportionate share—sometimes
more than 100 percent—of the recommended daily intake of fat, cholesterol, salt, and
sugar.

In the United States, an estimated 65 percent of adults are overweight or obese, leading to
an annual loss of 300,000 lives and to at least $117 billion in health care costs in 1999. 13
According to the researchers point of view now a days during evening time
huge number of junk food stall will be opening on the side of the road and most of the stall will
be filled with students. The main reason is easy availability and taste. But they are unaware of
the harmful effects of junk food. So the study is essential to improve the knowledge regarding
the junk food and its hazards.
6.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
“A study to evaluate the effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on
Knowledge and Attitude regarding Junk Foods and its Hazards among the PU students of
selected colleges at rural and urban areas at Hassan, Karnataka.”
7
6.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To assess the knowledge of PU students of selected colleges at rural and urban areas
at Hassan, regarding junk foods and its hazards before the administration of Structured
Teaching Programme.
2. To assess the attitude of PU students selected colleges at rural and urban areas at
Hassan, regarding junk foods and its hazards before the administration of Structured
Teaching Programme.
3. To Develop and administer Structured Teaching Programme Regarding junk foods and
its hazards among the PU students of selected colleges at rural and urban areas at Hassan.
4. To assess the knowledge of PU students of selected colleges at rural and urban areas
at Hassan regarding junk foods and its hazards after the administration of Structured
Teaching Programme.
5. To assess the attitude of PU students of selected colleges at rural and urban areas at
Hassan regarding junk foods and its hazards after the administration of Structured
Teaching Programme,
6. To evaluate the effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme regarding junk foods
and its hazards among the PU students of selected colleges at rural and urban areas at
Hassan.
7. To associate the post test Knowledge score and Attitude score of PU students of
selected colleges at rural and urban area with selected socio – demographic data.
6.5 HYPOTHESIS
Null hypothesis
H1:
There will not be a significant difference between Knowledge and Attitude scores
regarding junk foods and its hazards.
8
Research hypothesis
H2:
There will be a significant difference between pre test and post test Knowledge and
Attitude scores of PU students regarding junk foods and its hazards.
H3:
There will be significant association between selected socio demographic variables and
post test knowledge scores of PU students regarding junk foods and its hazards.
6.6 ASSUMPTIONS
1.
Structured Teaching Programme will improve the knowledge of PU students regarding
the junk foods and its hazards.
2.
PU students who are studying in rural area will be having less knowledge regarding junk
foods and its hazards.
3.
PU students who are studying in urban area will be having more knowledge regarding
junk foods and its hazards.
6.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
1. EVALUATE
It refers to the process of judging or determining the worth or quality. In this study it refers
to the effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program by judging or determining the worth
regarding junk foods and its hazards among PU students.
2. EFFECTIVNESS
It refers to significant increase in the level of Knowledge of PU students regarding junk
foods and its hazards.
9
3. STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMM
It refers to systematically organized instruction and discussion on Knowledge and
Attitude regarding junk foods and its hazards among PU students and the Structured
Teaching Program in the form of power point presentation.
4. KNOWLEDGE
It refers to the understanding of or information regarding junk foods and its hazards
among PU students for the study purpose the Knowledge area will be junk food meaning,
types, ingredients, and its hazards.
5. ATTITUDE
A manner of acting, feeling, or thinking that shows one’s disposition, opinion etc. of PU
students regarding junk foods and its hazards.
6. HAZARDS
It implies a foreseeable but uncontrollable possibility of danger that may affect the people
who are using junk food continuously.
7. JUNK FOODS
Is an informal term applied to some foods, which are preserved to have little or no
nutritional value or to the products with nutritional value but which also have ingredients
considered unhealthy when regularly eaten.
8. PU STUDENTS
Refers to a person who enrolled for study at a school or college and in this study PU
student refers to the learners who are studying in 11th and 12th standard of an institution.
9. SELECTED COLLEGES
It refers to an institution of higher education that grants degree and in this study selected
colleges refers to the institution that picked out based on some special quality.
10
10. RURAL
Area with low population density such as village or country side and in this study it refers
to the area which is under Shanthigrama Primary Health Centre.
11. URBAN
Area in which majority of people are not directly depend on natural resource based
occupation and in this study the urban area is under Pension Mohalla.
6.8 CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION
Inclusion criteria
1. Students who are studying in 11th and 12th standard of selected colleges at rural
and
urban areas at Hassan.
2. Students those who are present at the time of data collection.
3. Students those who can able to read and understand English.
Exclusion criteria
1. Students who are studying in high school as well as students studying in college level
other than PU.
2. Students those who are not present at the time of data collection.
3. Students those who cannot able to read and understand English.
6.9 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Study is limited to:
1. Non-equivalent control group design or the four celled design without randomization.
2. A period of 4 -6 weeks.
11
6.10 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
New research shows that high level phosphate present in junk foods
accelerates signs of aging. High phosphate level also increases the prevalence and severity of age
related complications such as chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular calcifications, and can also
induce severe muscle and skin atrophy. Another study shows that junk food is high in fat and
sugars; it is responsible for obesity, dental cavities, type-2 DM, and heart disease. The study will
increase the knowledge of PU students regarding junk foods and its hazards. So the structured
teaching programme regarding junk foods will improve the knowledge of PU students and
change their attitude, and they will try to improve their health status by avoiding the excess
intake of junk foods in future.
6.11 CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK
Pender’s health promotion model
6.12 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of literature is a key step in research process. Review of literature refers to an
extensive, exhaustive and systematic examination of publications relevant to the research project.
Before any research can be started whether it is a single study or an extended project, literature
reviews of previous studies and experiences related to proposed investigations should be done.
One of the most satisfying aspects of the literature review is the contribution it makes to the new
knowledge, insight and general scholarship of the researcher.
A study was conducted to determine whether a junk food diet at age 4 is associated with
behavioral problems at age 7. Behavioral problems were measured at age 7 using the strength
and difficulties questionnaires. Total difficulties and score for five scales (hyper activity, peer
problems, emotional symptoms, and pro-social behavior) were calculated. Principal components
analyses of dietary data (frequency of consumption of 57 foods/drink) collected at age 4, by
12
maternal report was used to generate ‘junk food’ factor. Data on confounders were available
from questionnaires. The result of the study shows that an increase in ‘junk food’ intake at age 4
was associated with increased hyper activity at age 7. This persisted after adjustment for
confounders including IQ scores. 14
A study result published in Social Science & Medicine Vol: 65, No: 7, October, 2007,
shows, television (TV) food advertising has attracted criticism for its potential role in promoting
unhealthy dietary practices among children. Content analyses indicate junk food advertising is
prevalent on Australian children’s TV; healthy eating is rarely promoted. This paper presents (a)
a cross-sectional survey examining associations between children’s regular TV viewing habits
and their food-related attitudes and behavior; and (b) an experiment assessing the impact of
varying combinations of TV advertisements (ads) for unhealthy and healthy foods on children’s
dietary knowledge, attitudes and intentions. The experimental conditions simulated possible
models for regulating food ads on children’s TV. Participants were 919 grade five and six
students from schools in Melbourne, Australia. The survey showed that heavier TV use and more
frequent commercial TV viewing were independently associated with more positive attitudes
toward junk food; heavier TV use was also independently associated with higher reported junk
food consumption. The experiment found that ads for nutritious foods promote selected positive
attitudes and beliefs concerning these foods. Findings are discussed in light of methodological
issues in media effects research and their implications for policy and practice. It is concluded that
changing the food advertising environment on children’s tv to one where nutritious foods are
promoted and junk foods are relatively unrepresented would help to normalize and reinforce
healthy eating. 15
A study to determine the impact of the Michigan Model (MM) nutrition curriculum on
nutrition knowledge, efficacy expectations, and eating behaviors in middle school students. The
study was conducted in a large metropolitan setting and approved by the institutional review
board. The participants for this study were divided into an intervention group (n = 407) and a
control group (n = 169). An mm instructor trained health teachers in the use of the curriculum,
and the teacher subsequently taught the curriculum to students in the intervention group. A valid
and reliable questionnaire was used to determine pre-post differences. It consisted of 3 subscales
assessing eating habits, nutrition knowledge, and efficacy expectations toward healthy eating.
Subscale scores were analyzed using a 2 groups (intervention vs control) × 2 times (pre vs post)
13
analysis of variance. Results: the intervention group increased their nutrition knowledge at post.
There was also a significant main effect for groups in the subscales "eating behaviors" and
"efficacy expectations regarding healthy eating." subsequent post hoc analysis revealed that the
intervention group was significantly more likely to eat fruits and vegetables and less likely to eat
junk food than the control group. Students in the intervention group also felt more confident that
they could eat healthy. The results of this pilot study suggest that the mm nutrition curriculum
delivered by trained professionals resulted in significant positive changes in both nutrition
knowledge and behaviors in middle school children. Further research needs to be conducted to
determine the long-term impact. 16
A study result published in Journal of the American Dietetic Association Vol: 106, No:
11, November, 2006 , revealed that, gain insight into parents’ perceptions of the food preferences
of their young adolescents, and their negotiating and decision-making strategies around food
purchasing and meals, four focus groups were held with 32 African-American parents and three
focus groups with 14 Spanish-dominant, first-generation immigrant Latina mothers. Most
participants were of low socioeconomic status and were single parents. Many African-American
parents emphasized children’s growing appetites and preferences for fast food. Many reported
making weekday dinner decisions jointly with the child or allowing the child to eat a lunch-like
alternative, and allowing serve-yourself meals on weekends. A few prepared traditional ethnic
foods. Latina parents reported that their children liked ethnic foods and fast/junk foods. They
emphasized buying foods their children wanted, making no eating restrictions, and preparing
traditional ethnic dinners without alternatives. African-American and Latina parents displayed
concern over whether to place restrictions on young adolescents’ eating. Further research is
needed on the ways in which socioeconomic inequalities compound barriers to healthful eating,
with particular attention to low income and immigrant populations.17
A study conducted to identify the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Indian
Adolescent School Going Children: Its Relationship with Socioeconomic Status and Associated
Lifestyle Factors, and the result published in Journal of the Association of Physicians of India
Vol: 58, March, 2010, drawn the prevalence of obesity and overweight and their association
with socioeconomic status (SES) and the risk factors like diet, physical activity like exercise,
sports, sleeping habit in afternoon, eating habits like junk food, chocolate, eating outside at
weekend, family history of diabetes and obesity. Material and method of the study was carried
14
out in 5664 school children of 12–18 years of age and having different SES. The obesity and
overweight were considered using an updated body mass index reference. SES and life style
factors were determined using pre-tested questionnaire. The result shows age-adjusted
prevalence of overweight was found to be 14.3% among boys and 9.2% among girls where as the
prevalence of obesity was 2.9% in boys and 1.5% in girls. The prevalence of overweight among
children was higher in middle SES as compared to high SES group in both boys and girls
whereas the prevalence of obesity was higher in high SES group as compared to middle SES
group. The prevalence of obesity as well as overweight in low SES group was the lowest as
compared to other group. Eating habit like junk food, chocolate, eating outside at weekend and
physical activity like exercise, sports, sleeping habit in afternoon having remarkable effect on
prevalence on overweight and obesity among middle to high SES group. Family history of
diabetes and obesity were also found to be positively associated. The data suggest that the
prevalence of overweight and obesity varies remarkably with different socioeconomic
development levels. 18
Recent studies conducted in Mediterranean countries (Spain, Greece) and one conducted
in Mexico evaluated the association between childhood Mediterranean diet and asthma outcomes
in children. All of the studies reported beneficial associations between a high level of adherence
to the Mediterranean diet during childhood and symptoms of asthma or allergic rhinitis.
Individual foods or food groups contributing to the protective effect of Mediterranean diet
included fish, fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts and cereals, while detrimental components
included red meat, margarine and junk food intake. Two studies focused on prenatal
Mediterranean diet: the first is a birth cohort in Spain that showed a protective effect of a high
adherence to the Mediterranean diet during pregnancy on persistent wheeze, atopic wheeze and
atopy at the age of 6·5 years; while the second is a cross-sectional study in mexico, collecting
information more than 6 years after pregnancy, that showed no associations between maternal
Mediterranean diet during pregnancy and allergic symptoms in childhood except for current
sneezing. Findings from recent studies suggest that a high level of adherence to the
Mediterranean diet early in life protects against the development of asthma and atopic in
children. Further studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms of this protective effect,
to evaluate the most relevant window of exposure, and to address specific components of diet in
relation to disease. 19
15
A research result published in Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health Vol:
62, No: 8, August, 2008, identified the impact of dietary intake at several time points in
childhood on children’s school attainment and to investigate whether any differences in school
attainment between children who ate packed lunches or school meals was due to who these
children were, their pre-school dietary patterns, or to what they ate at school. The study design
used was longitudinal data available in the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children
(ALSPAC), multivariate linear regression was used to assess the relative importance of diet at
different ages for school attainment. Main outcome measures: three indicators of school
attainment were used: at age’s 4–5 entry assessments to school, at ages 6–7 key stage 1 national
tests and at ages 10–11 key stage 2 national tests. These outcome variables were measured in
levels as well as in changes from the previous educational stage. The key finding at age 3 was
that "junk food" dietary pattern had a negative association with the level of school attainment. A
weak association remained after controlling for the impact of other dietary patterns at age 3,
dietary patterns at ages 4 and 7 and other confounding factors. The authors did not find evidence
that eating packed lunches or eating school meals affected children’s attainment, once the impact
of junk food dietary pattern at age 3 was accounted for in the model. The conclusion was early
eating patterns have implications for attainment that appear to persist over time, regardless of
subsequent changes in diet. 20
A study result published in Rural and Remote Health Vol: 8, No: 2, June, 2008,described the
health behaviors and weight status among urban and rural school-age children. Methods: fifthgrade children at two urban and two rural schools were invited to participate in an assessment
study of their health behaviors and weight status. A total of 138 children (mean age = 10 years;
% female = 54.6) chose to participate. Results shows children in rural and urban areas consumed
equivalent calories per day and calories from fat, but rural children ate more junk food and urban
children were more likely to skip breakfast. Urban children engaged in more metabolic
equivalent tasks and had slightly higher total sedentary activity than rural children. The BMI
percentile was equivalent across rural and urban children but rural children were more often
overweight and urban children were more often at risk for overweight. The conclusion arrived
was, although some variables were equivalent across urban and rural children, results indicate
some key health behavior differences between groups. Results should be interpreted with caution
as the sample size was small and there were demographic differences between urban and rural
samples. 21
16
A research study published in Acta Paediatrica Vol: 96, No: 2, February, 2007 described
the dietary intake in healthy 4-year-old children. Families from three pediatric health care
centers in different socio-economic areas in Goteborg completed 7-day food records and
questionnaires about socio-economy. Results shows one hundred thirty two/153 completed the
study, 49% of parents were university educated. Eighteen percent of children were overweight/
obese. Energy intake was high; 67% had sucrose intake exceeding Nordic nutrition
recommendations (NNR) but 36% had n-3 fatty acid intake <0.5 energy percent. Significant
negative correlations were found between sucrose and fat and between BMI and fat intake. Junk
food supplied 24% of energy. Ninety-two percent had low vitamin d intake, 70% low iron and
21% low calcium intake. Gruel, which was consumed by 28%, had a positive impact on
micronutrient intake. Child care and mother's origin seemed to influence dietary intake.
Conclusion: in 4-year olds from well-educated urban families, 18% was overweight /obese. Total
energy intake was above present NNR but lower than 20 years ago, when overweight was rare.
Fat energy intake was negatively associated with BMI, and low n-3 fatty acid intake was
associated with higher body weight. In several aspects dietary intake was not optimal in the
children.22
A research study result published in Clinical Nutrition Vol: 26, No: 1, February, 2007
drawn dietary habits founded early in life might influence development of welfare diseases. The
aim was to analyze food choice, socio-economic characteristics and health by questionnaires in
healthy 4-year olds. Methods two hundred and thirty children were invited and 79% completed
all questionnaires. Anthropometry was measured in 131 subjects. Results the sample was
characteristic for Swedish children except that more parents had university education. Most
children attended pre-school; 52% >30 h/week. Almost all had been breast-fed until a mean age
of 5 months. Fifteen per cent were overweight and 2% obese according to the iotf cut-offs. A, d
vitamin supplementation was not given to a third. Full fat dairy products, minced meat and
sausages predominated, and only a fourth was served fat fish. Olive or rape seed oil was
consumed regularly by 40% and a third consumed “junk food” regularly. Maternal immigrant
status influenced the food choice. Conclusion in a Swedish urban community of 4-year olds,
17% were overweight or obese. The intake of vegetables, oils and “junk food” seemed to have
increased, while the intake of dairy products, fruit, meat and fish seemed to be similar to earlier
studies. Food choice was influenced by maternal. 23
17
7. MATERIAL AND METHODS OF STUDY
7.1 SOURCES OF DATA
Data will be collected from the PU students of selected colleges of rural and
urban area at Hassan, Karnataka.
7.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
Quasi experimental, Non-equivalent control group design or the four celled
design without randomization.
Experimental group: O1 ------Control group: O1 -------
X -------- O2
-------- O2
O1= Pretest knowledge of PU students regarding junk foods and its hazards.
X = Structured teaching programme on junk foods and its hazards.
O2 = Post test knowledge of PU students regarding junk foods and its hazards.
7.3 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
1. Structured questionnaire regarding the Knowledge on junk foods and its hazards.
2. Likert scale to assess the Attitude on junk foods and its hazards.
7.4 SAMPLING PROCEDURE
1. Accessible population: PU Students i.e.; students of 11th and 12th standard.
2. Target population: PU students of selected college of rural and urban areas at Hassan.
3. Sampling technique: Non-randomized convenient sampling.
4. Research setting: The setting selected for the study is selected PU colleges of rural and urban
areas at Hassan.
5. Sample size: Non-equivalent group.
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8. VARIABLES
Independent variable
Structured Teaching Program regarding Knowledge of junk foods and its hazards.
Dependent variable
Knowledge and Attitude of PU students on junk foods and its hazards.
9. PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
Descriptive statistics
Descriptive statistics include percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation
Inferential statistics
It include paired ‘t-test’ with chi- square test and “ANOVA” “f” test for the assessment of
knowledge and to associate the socio demographic variable is planned
10. PILOT STUDY
10% of sample size is planned for the pilot study.
11. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
1. Does the study require any intervention to be conducted on PU students?
Yes
2. Has ethical clearance will be obtained from your institution?
Yes
3. Has the consent will be taken from selected school?
Yes
19
12. LIST OF REFERENCES (VANCOUVER STYLE)
1. www.google.com
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study", British Food Journal, Vol. 109 Issue: 2, 2007, pp.182 - 195
3. Punam J R
articles various/Junk-Food, 2007, http://www.indiaparenting.com/food-and-
nutrition/56_1186/children-and-junk-food.html
4. Gary Pearson, effects of junk food on health, www.articlealley.com/article_792389_23.html
5. Journal of Food and Nutrition, “Poor Eating Habits article on Children and Junk Food”, 2008
6. John Bingham, “Teenagers who watch the most television 'eat more junk food than adults”
published: 30 Jan 2009.
7. Rohini Rangarajan, Child Health, Consumption Patterns, Down to Earth, 27/02/2009.
8. Kim Evans, citizen journalist, Junk Food Found to Deteriorate Pleasure Center of Brain,
Monday, April 12, 2010
9. Goodwin, Jenifer. Junk Food 'Addiction' May Be Real. Business Week, March 29, 2010.
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11. David Gutierrez, staff writer, “Teenage girls live on junk food”, Monday, July 12, 2010.
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Crawford, Centre for Behavioral Research in Cancer, The Cancer Council Victoria, Australia,
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