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1. In science, a hypothesis must be A) a known fact B) testable C) derived from a theory D) able to be proven absolutely true 2. Which of the following includes all the others? A) atom B) cell C) organism D) ecosystem 3. A carbon atom of mass number 12 and a carbon atom of mass number 14 are A) covalent B) compounds C) ions D) isotopes 4. A chlorine atom has 17 protons, 18 neutrons, and 17 electrons. The atomic number of chlorine is A) 8 B) 17 C) 35 D) 52 5. If you place the probe of a pH meter in lye or sodium hydroxide (NaOH), it will read pH 14. Sodium hydroxide is A) an acid B) neutral C) a base 6. This polysaccharide forms fibers that are a major component of plant cell walls: A) glucose B) starch C) cellulose D) glycogen 7. Glycerol is a building block of A) starch B) enzymes C) vegetable oil D) DNA 8. Which of these types of molecules contain nitrogen? A) polysaccharides B) proteins C) phospholipids 9. Prokaryotic cells, with no nucleus or membranous organelles, are found in A) animals B) bacteria C) fungi D) plants 10. The main function of a ribosome is to A) extract energy from glucose B) synthesize glucose C) store food in the form of fat D) synthesize proteins 11. Mitochondria A) package proteins for secretion from cell B) contain chromosomes C) are sites of oxidation of glucose to generate ATP D) synthesize proteins 12. The plasma membrane consists of A) a single layer of phospholipid molecules B) a double layer of phospholipid molecules in which proteins are embedded C) several layers of protein and carbohydrate molecules D) a triple layer of phospholipids and carbohydrates 13. The movement of molecules from a region of low concentration across a membrane to a region of high concentration by use of ATP energy is A) active transport B) diffusion C) passive transport D) osmosis 14. The oxygen in our atmosphere is produced by A) greenhouse effect B) cellular respiration C) photosynthesis D) volcanic eruptions 15. Yeast cells break down glucose anaerobically into A) ethanol and CO2 B) lactic acid and CO2 C) lactic acid and H2O D) ethanol and H2O 16. The net energy gain from complete cellular respiration is A) 2 ATP B) 4 ATP C) 8 ATP D) 36-38 ATP 17. Carbon dioxide is released in A) the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis B) the Krebs cycle C) glycolysis D) the Calvin cycle 18. If the concentration of glucose in the water outside of a cell is lower than the concentration inside, A) water will tend to enter the cell by osmosis B) water will tend to leave the cell by osmosis C) glucose will tend to enter the cell by osmosis D) glucose will tend to leave the cell by osmosis 19. What happens if a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution? A) the cell will shrink B) the cell will swell and may burst C) the cell will remain the same size 20. Which of the following is not a characteristic of enzymes? A) they are proteins B) they are used up in each reaction, thus need to be produced in large quantities s C) they act on specific substances called substrates D) they speed up the rate of chemical reaction 21. Which of these does not have to be present for photosynthesis to occur? A) water B) carbon dioxide C) glucose D) chlorophyll 22. Each new cell produced by this process will have an identical copy of all chromosomes and genes possessed by the parent cell: A) meiosis B) mitosis 23. During the first division of meiosis, A) chromosomes separate at the centromere B) homologous chromosomes separate C) chromosomes become triploid 24. The number of chromosomes in a human egg cell is A) 4 B) 8 C) 23 D) 46 25. In the notation A = normal, a = albino, the genotype AA describes A) heterozygous B) homozygous dominant C) homozygous recessive 26. If two normal parents have an albino child, the genotypes of the parents are A) AA x Aa B) Aa x Aa C) Aa x aa D) aa x aa 27. A father with genotype IAIA and mother with phenotype IBIB would produce children with blood type: A) A B) B C) AB D) O 28. A change in DNA base sequence from CATAC to CACAC would describe A) mutation B) replication C) transcription D) translation 29. Which of these processes does not occur in the nucleus? A) DNA replication B) transcription C) translation 30. tRNA molecules contain anticodons and carry amino acids to be used in this process: A) mutation B) DNA replication C) transcription D) translation 31. Exchange of genes between maternal and paternal chromosomes before the first division of meiosis is caused by A) X-linkage B) crossing over C) replication D) cytokinesis 32. Which is not a subunit of DNA? A) adenine B) guanine C) uracil D) phosphate 33. A karyotype of an individual with Down syndrome has how many chromosomes? A) 3 B) 23 C) 46 D) 47 34. If a heterozygous male mates with an albino female, what percentage of albino children would be expected? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75% E) 100% 35. A father with genotype IAIB and mother with phenotype O could produce children with these blood types: A) AB only B) A and B only C) A, B, and AB only D) A, B, AB, and O 36. During DNA replication, an old DNA strand with base sequence ATCTGAGTA would serve as a template to form a new complementary strand with the base sequence: A) TAGACTCAT B) ATCTGAGTA C) AUCUCUGUA 37. In peas, tall (T) is dominant to dwarf (t) and, on a separate chromosome set, purple flower (P) is dominant to white flower (p). If Gregor Mendel crosses the genotypes TtPp and ttPp, what is the expected ratio of phenotypes in the offspring? A) 9/16 tall purple flowered, 3/16 tall white, 3/16 dwarf purple, 1/16 dwarf white B) 3/8 tall purple flowered, 1/8 tall white, 3/8 dwarf purple, 1/8 dwarf white C) 1/4 tall purple flowered, 1/4 tall white, 1/4 dwarf purple, 1/4 dwarf white D) 3/4 tall purple flowered, 1/4 dwarf white 38. Queen Victoria's son Leopold had hemophilia, which is caused by a sex-linked recessive gene (Xh). Leopold lived to be 31 years old and fathered a normal daughter. What is the genotype of his daughter? A) XHXH B) XHXh C) XhXh D) XHY 39. Microevolution by genetic drift is more likely in A) large populations B) small populations 40. New alleles appear in a species by A) genetic drift C) gene flow D) natural selection B) mutation 41. Speciation is most likely when a huge continental population of a snail species A) undergoes genetic drift B) is forced north by global warming C) is divided in two over the eons by the rise of a mountain range 42. The insect wing, bat wing, and bird wing are A) analogous structures B) homologous structures 43. Groups of organisms that interbreed in nature and are reproductively isolated from other such groups defines A) communities B) hybrids C) families D) species 44. Certain species of ants protect, and receive food from, certain species of acacia trees in the tropics. This exemplifies A) predation B) mutualism C) competition 45. The most important cause of species extinction due to humans in recent centuries is A) disease B) global warming C) genetic engineering D) habitat loss 46. Logistic population growth will level off at a number of organisms that are A) ten times the number in the original population B) the exponential line C) equal to the number of niches D) the carrying capacity K of the environment 47. If the decomposers were removed from an ecosystem, the other organisms would eventually die because A) green plants would run out of necessary minerals in the soil B) green plants would lose their energy source C) herbivores must eat decomposers D) decomposers release oxygen needed by the other organisms 48. The source of energy for an ecosystem is A) nutrients in the soil B) water C) sunlight D) recycled energy from decomposers 49. Fungi are primarily A) producers B) herbivores C) carnivores D) decomposers 50. If deer are placed on an island with a constant, renewable food supply and a stable biological community with predators, the growth curve after several decades would be described as a A) J-curve [exponential] B) S-curve [logistic] MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS – 2 POINTS EACH – 14 POINTS TOTAL: On the answer sheet, indicate the letter that represents the best answer to the questions below. 51. Fats contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates or proteins because A) fat molecules contain a lower percentage of carbon atoms B) fat molecules contain a lower percentage of hydrogen atoms C) fat molecules contain a lower percentage of oxygen atoms D) fat molecules contain a higher percentage of adipose atoms 52. John has type B blood. John's father has type O blood. Mary has type A blood. Mary's mother is type B. The possible blood types of John and Mary's daughters are A) AB only B) A or AB only C) B or AB only D) A, B, AB or O 53. Colorblindness (Xb) is X-linked and recessive. Blondie is normal, and not a carrier, but her husband Dagwood is colorblind. If their daughter Cookie marries a normal man, what phenotypes can Cookie expect in her sons? A) all normal B) 1/2 colorblind, 1/2 normal C) all colorblind 54. Professor Hotsun is studying a desert ecosystem containing fig trees, fig-eating rats, rateating snakes, and snake-eating lizards. Which organism in this food chain is considered the producer? A) fig trees B) rat-eating snakes C) snake-eating lizards D) fig-eating rats. 55. If the fig trees in Question #54 produce one million kcal of energy, about how much energy would be contained in the population of rat-eating snakes? A) 100,000 kcal B) 50,000 kcal C) 10,000 kcal D) 1000 kcal Here is a list of mRNA codons and their amino acids. Use this information to answer #56 and #57 : AAU - asparagine CGU - arginine GCA - alanine AUC - isoleucine CUU - leucine GGC - glycine CAA - glutamine GAA - glutamate UGU - cysteine CAU - histidine GAU - aspartate 56. The sequence of amino acids of Arginine-Alanine-Leucine would be coded by this sequence of bases on mRNA : A) GAAGCAGGC B) GUGCACAA C) GCACGTGAA D) CGUGCACUU 57. A sequence of bases on a DNA strand of GAATTACGT would code for this amino acid sequence: A) Leucine-Asparagine-Alanine B) Aspartate-Glutamate-Alanine C) Glutamine-Cysteine- Histidine D) Leucine-Glutamate-Histidine ESSAY QUESTIONS - Choose 6 out of the following 8 questions to answer. Each answer is worth 10 points. Please answer on answer sheet at the end of this exam. Be concise. The full number of points will be awarded for correct and thorough answers. Partial credit will be awarded for less than complete answers, so it is to your advantage to attempt an answer. 58. You are a writer for “Consumer Reports” magazine and you are asked to design an experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of three brands of whitening strips for teeth. Describe how you would do this using the scientific method. Include all of the steps, control group, experimental groups, and variables. 59. Your biology class is performing an osmosis experiment. You are given three identical stalks of celery and three salt solutions of varying solute amounts. The data table below compares the solute amount of the celery stalks to the solutions. Solute Amount of the Solution Water Amount of the Solution Solution A less than the celery stalk Solution B same as the celery stalk Solution C more than the celery stalk more water than the celery stalk same water as the celery stalk less water than the celery stalk a). Identify which solution is isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic to the celery stalk cells b). Describe what happens when the celery stalk is placed into each of the respective solution. 60. Dihybrid cross. The kernels (seeds) on an ear of corn are all offspring of one set of parents. There are 2 pairs of alleles on separate homologous chromosomes (purple or yellow kernels on one pair, plump or shrunken kernels on another). Yellow (Y) is dominant to purple (y) and plump (P) is dominant to shrunken (p). If the genotype of parent plants are YyPp and yyPp, what are the expected probabilities of the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring kernels? Explain your reasoning. 61. A population of grasshoppers in the Kansas prairie has two color phenotypes, with 90% of the grasshoppers green and 10% brown. Typically in the last century, the prairie receives adequate rain to maintain healthy green grass, but for the last decade the prairie suffers a severe drought and is also invaded by a bird that eats grasshoppers. Briefly explain in terms of the four parts of natural selection listed below how the population of grasshoppers would be expected to change during the drought years. overproduction variation competition & survival differential reproduction - 62. Describe an environmental problem that you feel is the most urgent worldwide. Which areas of the world are suffering the most from the problem? Propose a solution to the problem. 63. Describe three structures found in plant cells but not animal cells. Describe the function of each structure, and how each benefits plant cells but is not necessary for animal cells. 64. Explain why top carnivores, such as eagles and tigers, have low population densities in nature. Include processes of the energy pyramid (trophic levels) in your answer. 65. Apply your knowledge of the scientific method to design an experiment. We will use a real situation from my research project in Olympic National Park. There is no single correct answer to this exercise. Your proposed experimental design may well be better than the ones that I actually used. It is more difficult to design an experiment in the field than in a lab, because there are so many variables in nature. Observation. When Olympic National Park was established over 60 years ago, it included scattered homesteads with small fields that were farmed for hay. The farms were abandoned, but many of the fields still remain today. Trees from the surrounding rain forest have been unable to invade the fields, in spite of fertile soils and abundant precipitation. This is unusual because abandoned fields that are surrounded by forest in most parts of the world are readily colonized by trees and become forest in a few decades. [The purpose of the experiment was both theoretical, to examine why these fields differed from the standard model of old-field succession in ecology, and practical, to provide knowledge to the Park Service who do not like non-native plants in our National Parks.] The fields in Olympic National Park are mostly covered by non-native grasses that form a thick sod. Large amounts of wind-blown seeds of the surrounding Sitka spruce trees fall onto the fields each year, but the seeds are very small. General Hypothesis. Sitka spruce trees fail to colonize the fields because competition from the thick grasses prevents the establishment of spruce seedlings. Your assignment: Using your knowledge of the scientific method, design an experiment to test this general hypothesis. Your experiment must include and identify a control group and an experimental group. You may modify the general hypothesis into a specific hypothesis, which is more limited and directly fits your experiment, if you wish. Explain how the data that you collect from your experiment will allow you to make a conclusion about your hypothesis (in your explanation, DO NOT make up imaginary results). When considering your methods, you may assume that you have access to spruce seeds and any tools or materials that you might need to manipulate the environment for your experiment. . MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWER SHEET - Name: ___________________________ 1. _____ 31. _____ 2. _____ 32. _____ 3. _____ 33. _____ 4. _____ 34. _____ 5. _____ 35. _____ 6. _____ 36. _____ 7. _____ 37. _____ 8. _____ 38. _____ 9. _____ 39. _____ 10. _____ 40. _____ 11. _____ 41. ______ 12. _____ 42. ______ 13. _____ 43. ______ 14. _____ 44. ______ 15. _____ 45. ______ 16. _____ 46. ______ 17. _____ 47. _____ 18. _____ 48. _____ 19. _____ 49 ______ 20. _____ 50. ______ 21. _____ 51. ______ 22. _____ 52. ______ 23. _____ 53. ______ 24. _____ 54. ______ 25. _____ 55. ______ 26. _____ 56. ______ 27. _____ 57. ______. 28. ______ 29. ______ 30. ______ ESSAY ANSWER SHEET - Take as much space as you need to answer each question. Provide concise answers in your own words. Do not cut and paste from other sources. (Just type n/a after the number for the two questions that you do not answer.) 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65.