Download OCEANOGRAPHY MID-YEAR REVIEW 2014

OCEANOGRAPHY REVIEW 2014
1. Describe the principal oceans of Earth (with N & S = 7)
2. Name the deepest ocean trench (“Challenger Deep”) and describe its exploration by humans.
3. List and describe the systematic steps of the scientific method. [P,R,H,T/E,D,C,(after A),R]
4. Describe the formation of the solar system as outlined by the nebular hypothesis. (S,P,E,M)
5. Describe the physical structure of Earth including the: (Inside to Outside)
A. inner core
B. outer core
C. mesosphere
D. asthenosphere
E. lithosphere
6. Distinguish between continental crust and oceanic crust including location and properties of the crust.
7. Describe the evidence that supports the current version of the theory of plate tectonics.
8. List the features found in the following types of plate boundaries:
A. divergent plate boundary (Pull apart)
B. convergent plate boundary (Come together)
9. Illustrate, or recognize, the arrangement of the continents of the supercontinent Pangaea.
10. Define bathymetry.
11. Describe the techniques used by early and modern oceanic navigators to estimate the ocean depth.
12. List the three major marine provinces and give the distinguishing features of each marine province.
(Continental, Deep Ocean, Mid-Ocean Ridge)
13. Discriminate between the continental shelf and continental slope.
14. Discuss the relationship between turbidity currents and the formation of submarine canyons.
15. Describe the characteristic features of the abyssal plain including seamounts.
16. Discuss the relationship between the formation of an ocean trench and a volcanic island arc.
Describe the tectonic processes that create these features. (Convection currents and Hot spots)
17. List the features that characterize the mid-ocean ridge.
18. Define lithogenous sediment and discuss the origin of this type of sediment. (From weathered land rock)
19. Differentiate between neritic and pelagic sediment deposits. (Deep water, Open ocean)
20. Define biogenous sediment and discuss the origin of this type of sediment. (From Life)
21. Define ooze. Where in the ocean do we find ooze?
22. Define hydrogenous sediment and discuss the origin of this type of sediment. (From chemical reactions)
23. Define cosmogenous sediment and discuss the origin of this type of sediment. (From space)
25. List the commercially important resources provided by ocean sediments. (Minerals, Oil, etc.)
26. Outline how hydrogen bonding affects the thermal properties of water. (Think phase changes)
27. Distinguish between heat and temperature and give the units of measurement for each.
28. Define:
A. melting point
B. freezing point
C. boiling point
D. condensation point
E. heat capacity
29. Discuss how the properties of water affect global climate including marine and continental effects.
(Warm water next to cold land, Cold water next to warm land)
30. Define salinity (0/00 or %) and discuss its origin and concentration in seawater.
31. List the processes that decrease seawater salinity. List the processes that increase seawater salinity.
32. Draw and explain the hydrologic cycle. (Water cycle)
33. Define residence time and discuss the implications of residence time for substances in seawater.
(How long something stays in the water)
34. Distinguish between an acid and an alkaline (base)
35. Outline how salinity varies with depth in the ocean.
36. Outline how density varies with ocean depth.
37. Discuss the location of a halocline, a pycnocline, and a thermocline in the ocean. (Salt, Density, Temp)
38. Define Earth’s Tilt and describe its effect on Earth’s climate.
39. Describe the location of the following:
A. Tropic of Cancer (about 23.50 N Sun Overhead at Noon)
B. Tropic of Capricorn (about 23.50 S Sun Overhead at Noon)
C. Arctic Circle (about 66.50 N Sun Still Visible at Winter Solstice)
D. Antarctic Circle (about 66.50 S Sun Still Visible at Summer Solstice)
40. Explain the relationship between the solar heating of Earth and convection cells on a non-spinning Earth.
41. Discuss the effect of a rotating Earth on the direction of wind and water movement.
42. Draw and label the major global circulation patterns and the corresponding wind belts including: trade
winds (northeast trades & southeast trades), westerlies, and polar easterlies, subtropical highs,
polar highs, equatorial lows, and subpolar lows.
43. Give the location of the doldrums, the horse latitudes, and the polar front. (See #42)
44. Differentiate between weather and climate.
45. Draw Earth and label the following oceanic climate patterns on your sketch, including: the equatorial
region, the tropical regions, the subtropical regions, the temperate regions, the subpolar regions,
and the polar regions. (Currents and Climate follow Wind: #42)
46. List the atmospheric gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect. [CO2 and Methane (CH4)]
47. Detail potential changes in Earth’s climate as a result of increased global warming.
48. Suggest ways in which you personally can decrease your contribution to global atmospheric
greenhouse gas production.
49. Describe the ocean’s role in minimizing the effect of increased global atmospheric carbon dioxide.