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NAME:________________________________________
Unit 6-Human Body Systems
Levels of Organization
The levels of organization in a ___________________________ organism start with the
individual cell.
A group of similar cells that do the same function (job) are _______________________________.
Similar tissues form ____________________________________that do a complex function for
example the kidneys filter urea from the blood.
____________________________work together in __________________________________.
The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to perform
gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the body.
Integumentary System – ____________, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands.
Function – __________________ against infection & injury;
helps regulate body temperature; protects against UV radiation
from ________________________________.
Nervous System – brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves.
Function – recognizes & ______________________________________________________ to
changes in its internal & external environments.
(i.e.touching a hot stove)
Skeletal System – bones, ____________________, ligaments & tendons
Function – supports the body; protects internal organs;
allows movement; stores mineral reserves; site of blood formation.
Endocrine System – hypothalamus, ____________________, thyroid,
parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (females), testes (males).
Function – controls ___________________, development, metabolism &
maintains _______________________________________.
 Hormones - __________________________________________
________________________________________________,
that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts
of the organism.
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Circulatory System – heart, blood vessels (veins, arteries, & capillaries),
blood.
Function – brings _____________________________, nutrients
& hormones to cells; fights infection; remove cell
wastes; regulate body temperature
Lymphatic/Immune System – White blood cells, thymus, spleen,
lymph nodes, lymph vessels.
Function – helps protect the ______________________________
___________________________; collects fluid lost from blood
vessels & returns the fluid to the circulatory system.
Autoimmune ________________________arise from an overactive
immune response of the body against substances and tissues
normally present in the body. In other words, the body actually
______________________________________________________.
The immune system mistakes some part of the body
as a ____________________________________________and attacks it.
Autoimmune Diseases
 Crohns Disease: Crohns disease is a disorder of ___________________________________.
 Diabetes Type 1: the body's immune system, attacks the _______________________producing
cells in the pancreas
 Multiple sclerosis (MS): the body's immune system attacks its own _______________________
____________________________________.
 Rheumatoid Arthritis: leads to the destruction of all the ________________________________
________________________________
Respiratory System – Nose, trachea, _______________i, bronchioles, & lungs.
Function – provides oxygen needed for ____________
_______________________________ & removes ___________
_________________________ from the body.
Digestive System – mouth, esophagus, stomach, small &
large intestine, rectum.
Function – Breaks down food into _____________________
(starch is too large to move through membranes)
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using enzymes that can be used by the body cells;
absorbs food; eliminates wastes.
Waste (Feces or solid waste) is ________________________________
of metabolic waste but simply the _____________________________
________________________________________
Excretory System – skin, lungs, kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra.
Function – eliminates ________________________________________
_______________________ and helps maintain homeostasis.
People with Kidney disease may be treated with kidney
_____________________________________
Reproductive System –The reproductive system or genital system
is a system of organs within an ________________________which work
together for the purpose of __________________________
Function – produces reproductive cells (gametes). Male gamete is sperm, Female gamete is
ovum/egg.
.
Males

Males – testes, __________________________,
vas deferens, urethra, penis.

Sperm are produced by the ______________________
________________process of Meiosis
Females

Females – ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina.

Eggs are produced by the cell division
process of ________________________________
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Sexual Development

For the first six weeks of life male & female embryos ___________________________________
______________________________________. (Pigs, birds and reptiles also look very similar)

During the seventh week the primary reproductive organs ________________________________,
______________________________________________________ begin to develop.

The testes begin to produce _______________________ and the male reproductive organs are
formed.

If it’s a female, the __________________________________________, which produces the
female reproductive organs.
Puberty

The reproductive organs are not capable to produce active gametes (sex cells) prior to puberty.
(The genes involved have not “turned on “ yet)

Puberty is a period of ______________________________________________________
___________________where the reproductive organs become fully functional.

____________________________________________ between the ages of 9 & 15 years.

The _______________________________________ signals the pituitary gland to release
___________________________________________ (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
The Male Reproductive System

The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce & deliver the ____________
_______________________________(________________)

The primary male reproductive organs, the ________________________________develop in
the abdomen. Before birth the testes descend into the scrotum.

The testes remain in the ________________________________________, outside the body,
where the temperature is one to three degrees lower than normal body temperature. The
_____________________________temperature is important for proper sperm (gamete)
development.

Sperm cells are ___________________________ which means they have 23 chromosomes.

The sperm cells have many mitochondrion. Why?__________________________________

Sperm produced in the testes are moved into the epididymis, where sperm mature & are stored.
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
The sperm move into the ______________________________________________. The vas
deferens merges with the urethra the tube that leads to the outside of the body through the
penis.

The glands lining the reproductive tract including the seminal
vesicles & _________________ ________________________
_____produce a nutrient rich seminal fluid. The combination
of sperm & seminal fluid is known as semen.

_____________________________ sperm are present in 1 ml
of semen.
Female Reproductive System

The ________________________________ are the primary reproductive organ for females.
This is where the eggs/ovum are stored.

The main function of the female reproductive system is to produce _____________________.
(________________) The female reproduce system also prepares the females body to nourish
a developing embryo.

The ovaries usually produce only __________________________________ (egg) each month.

Females are born with thousands of ____________________________________ (follicles)
only about 400 eggs will actually mature & be released

Approximately every _______________________________, when a follicle has matured, the
egg is released during ovulation.

The egg is released from the _______________________________ and floats through one of
the two _____________________________________________. As it moves through the
fallopian tube the egg may be fertilized.

The egg moves from the fallopian tube into the
____________________. The lining of the uterus
is ready for a fertilized egg.

If an unfertilized egg comes into the uterus, the uterine
lining will shed resulting in menstruation.
Menstrual Cycle
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
The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones made by the __________________________,
______________________ gland & ______________. This cycle is controlled by a feedback
system.

The ____________________________ begins at puberty and continues until the mid-forties.
The production of estrogen drops and ovulation & menstruation stop. The permanent stopping
of the menstrual cycle is called ________________________________________________.

The average age of menopause for women is _______________________________.
Menopause can happen earlier or later depending on the individual female.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Sexually transmitted diseases are spread from one person to another during _______________
____________________________.

Chlamydia is an STD caused by bacteria. Females between the ages of 15 – 18 have the
highest rate of Chlamydia infection. This infection can cause infertility (inability to have
children).

Other STDs include syphilis, _____________________________, Viral STDs hepatitis B,
genital ________________________ & warts, & AIDs.

STDs can be avoided by abstaining from sex or using condoms to help protect from you from
STDs.
Fertilization of the Egg

Fertilization of an egg usually happens in the __________________________________.
Hundreds of millions of sperm swim through the cervix, uterus and into the fallopian tubes, if an
egg is present it may be fertilized.

The egg is surrounded by a protective layer that has binding sites where sperm can attach.
Fertilization of the egg _________________________________________________________
(23 egg plus 23 sperm= ___________)

Once the single sperm enters the egg, the egg releases a barrier to the outside of the cell that
prevents any other sperm from entering. The fertilized egg is called a Zygote.

While the zygote is still in the fallopian tube it beings to divide through _________ (2N cells).

About six days after fertilization the fertilized cell implants into ________________________.

After implantation, the cell starts to specialize into different tissues in the body. This process of
cell differentiation ___________________________________________________________ of
_____________________the body.
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
As the embryo develops, membranes form to protect and nourish it.

Two of the membranes are the _______________ and the chorion.

The amnion becomes the fluid-filled amniotic sac that
cushions & protects the developing embryo in the uterus.

The ___________ has small finger-like projections called chorionic
villi form on the outer layer of the chorion and plant
themselves in the ______________________________________.

The chorionic villi & uterine lining form the placenta.

The __________________________________________________ between mother and baby.

The developing embryo needs nutrients & oxygen. It also needs to eliminate ________________
_________________& ____________________________ wastes.

Nutrients & oxygen in the mother’s blood diffuse into the embryo’s blood in the chorionic villi.
Waste diffuse from the embryo to the mother.

The mother & baby’s blood flow past each other but ___________________________________.
They are SEPARATED by _______________________________________.
Fetal Development

The first weeks of pregnancy are very important because many external factors can disrupt or
harm the __________________________________ & development.

The ___________________________________________________________ but some
substances can cross the placenta and affect the baby. This includes German measles, drugs
like alcohol, cocaine, heroin, and medications.