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1 NAME:________________________________________ Unit 6-Human Body Systems Levels of Organization The levels of organization in a ___________________________ organism start with the individual cell. A group of similar cells that do the same function (job) are _______________________________. Similar tissues form ____________________________________that do a complex function for example the kidneys filter urea from the blood. ____________________________work together in __________________________________. The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to perform gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the body. Integumentary System – ____________, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands. Function – __________________ against infection & injury; helps regulate body temperature; protects against UV radiation from ________________________________. Nervous System – brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves. Function – recognizes & ______________________________________________________ to changes in its internal & external environments. (i.e.touching a hot stove) Skeletal System – bones, ____________________, ligaments & tendons Function – supports the body; protects internal organs; allows movement; stores mineral reserves; site of blood formation. Endocrine System – hypothalamus, ____________________, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (females), testes (males). Function – controls ___________________, development, metabolism & maintains _______________________________________. Hormones - __________________________________________ ________________________________________________, that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism. 2 Circulatory System – heart, blood vessels (veins, arteries, & capillaries), blood. Function – brings _____________________________, nutrients & hormones to cells; fights infection; remove cell wastes; regulate body temperature Lymphatic/Immune System – White blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels. Function – helps protect the ______________________________ ___________________________; collects fluid lost from blood vessels & returns the fluid to the circulatory system. Autoimmune ________________________arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the body actually ______________________________________________________. The immune system mistakes some part of the body as a ____________________________________________and attacks it. Autoimmune Diseases Crohns Disease: Crohns disease is a disorder of ___________________________________. Diabetes Type 1: the body's immune system, attacks the _______________________producing cells in the pancreas Multiple sclerosis (MS): the body's immune system attacks its own _______________________ ____________________________________. Rheumatoid Arthritis: leads to the destruction of all the ________________________________ ________________________________ Respiratory System – Nose, trachea, _______________i, bronchioles, & lungs. Function – provides oxygen needed for ____________ _______________________________ & removes ___________ _________________________ from the body. Digestive System – mouth, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, rectum. Function – Breaks down food into _____________________ (starch is too large to move through membranes) 3 using enzymes that can be used by the body cells; absorbs food; eliminates wastes. Waste (Feces or solid waste) is ________________________________ of metabolic waste but simply the _____________________________ ________________________________________ Excretory System – skin, lungs, kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra. Function – eliminates ________________________________________ _______________________ and helps maintain homeostasis. People with Kidney disease may be treated with kidney _____________________________________ Reproductive System –The reproductive system or genital system is a system of organs within an ________________________which work together for the purpose of __________________________ Function – produces reproductive cells (gametes). Male gamete is sperm, Female gamete is ovum/egg. . Males Males – testes, __________________________, vas deferens, urethra, penis. Sperm are produced by the ______________________ ________________process of Meiosis Females Females – ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina. Eggs are produced by the cell division process of ________________________________ 4 Sexual Development For the first six weeks of life male & female embryos ___________________________________ ______________________________________. (Pigs, birds and reptiles also look very similar) During the seventh week the primary reproductive organs ________________________________, ______________________________________________________ begin to develop. The testes begin to produce _______________________ and the male reproductive organs are formed. If it’s a female, the __________________________________________, which produces the female reproductive organs. Puberty The reproductive organs are not capable to produce active gametes (sex cells) prior to puberty. (The genes involved have not “turned on “ yet) Puberty is a period of ______________________________________________________ ___________________where the reproductive organs become fully functional. ____________________________________________ between the ages of 9 & 15 years. The _______________________________________ signals the pituitary gland to release ___________________________________________ (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) The Male Reproductive System The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce & deliver the ____________ _______________________________(________________) The primary male reproductive organs, the ________________________________develop in the abdomen. Before birth the testes descend into the scrotum. The testes remain in the ________________________________________, outside the body, where the temperature is one to three degrees lower than normal body temperature. The _____________________________temperature is important for proper sperm (gamete) development. Sperm cells are ___________________________ which means they have 23 chromosomes. The sperm cells have many mitochondrion. Why?__________________________________ Sperm produced in the testes are moved into the epididymis, where sperm mature & are stored. 5 The sperm move into the ______________________________________________. The vas deferens merges with the urethra the tube that leads to the outside of the body through the penis. The glands lining the reproductive tract including the seminal vesicles & _________________ ________________________ _____produce a nutrient rich seminal fluid. The combination of sperm & seminal fluid is known as semen. _____________________________ sperm are present in 1 ml of semen. Female Reproductive System The ________________________________ are the primary reproductive organ for females. This is where the eggs/ovum are stored. The main function of the female reproductive system is to produce _____________________. (________________) The female reproduce system also prepares the females body to nourish a developing embryo. The ovaries usually produce only __________________________________ (egg) each month. Females are born with thousands of ____________________________________ (follicles) only about 400 eggs will actually mature & be released Approximately every _______________________________, when a follicle has matured, the egg is released during ovulation. The egg is released from the _______________________________ and floats through one of the two _____________________________________________. As it moves through the fallopian tube the egg may be fertilized. The egg moves from the fallopian tube into the ____________________. The lining of the uterus is ready for a fertilized egg. If an unfertilized egg comes into the uterus, the uterine lining will shed resulting in menstruation. Menstrual Cycle 6 The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones made by the __________________________, ______________________ gland & ______________. This cycle is controlled by a feedback system. The ____________________________ begins at puberty and continues until the mid-forties. The production of estrogen drops and ovulation & menstruation stop. The permanent stopping of the menstrual cycle is called ________________________________________________. The average age of menopause for women is _______________________________. Menopause can happen earlier or later depending on the individual female. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Sexually transmitted diseases are spread from one person to another during _______________ ____________________________. Chlamydia is an STD caused by bacteria. Females between the ages of 15 – 18 have the highest rate of Chlamydia infection. This infection can cause infertility (inability to have children). Other STDs include syphilis, _____________________________, Viral STDs hepatitis B, genital ________________________ & warts, & AIDs. STDs can be avoided by abstaining from sex or using condoms to help protect from you from STDs. Fertilization of the Egg Fertilization of an egg usually happens in the __________________________________. Hundreds of millions of sperm swim through the cervix, uterus and into the fallopian tubes, if an egg is present it may be fertilized. The egg is surrounded by a protective layer that has binding sites where sperm can attach. Fertilization of the egg _________________________________________________________ (23 egg plus 23 sperm= ___________) Once the single sperm enters the egg, the egg releases a barrier to the outside of the cell that prevents any other sperm from entering. The fertilized egg is called a Zygote. While the zygote is still in the fallopian tube it beings to divide through _________ (2N cells). About six days after fertilization the fertilized cell implants into ________________________. After implantation, the cell starts to specialize into different tissues in the body. This process of cell differentiation ___________________________________________________________ of _____________________the body. 7 As the embryo develops, membranes form to protect and nourish it. Two of the membranes are the _______________ and the chorion. The amnion becomes the fluid-filled amniotic sac that cushions & protects the developing embryo in the uterus. The ___________ has small finger-like projections called chorionic villi form on the outer layer of the chorion and plant themselves in the ______________________________________. The chorionic villi & uterine lining form the placenta. The __________________________________________________ between mother and baby. The developing embryo needs nutrients & oxygen. It also needs to eliminate ________________ _________________& ____________________________ wastes. Nutrients & oxygen in the mother’s blood diffuse into the embryo’s blood in the chorionic villi. Waste diffuse from the embryo to the mother. The mother & baby’s blood flow past each other but ___________________________________. They are SEPARATED by _______________________________________. Fetal Development The first weeks of pregnancy are very important because many external factors can disrupt or harm the __________________________________ & development. The ___________________________________________________________ but some substances can cross the placenta and affect the baby. This includes German measles, drugs like alcohol, cocaine, heroin, and medications.