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Major Class Carbohydrates Subclass Monosaccharides Examples Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose Components/Structure CH2O Arranged in rings Identifying Features Single ring Elements: C, H, O Nucleic Acids Proteins Lipids Uses in an organism Energy storage Organelle: Mitochondria (cell respiration) And Chloroplast (photosynthesis) Disaccharides Maltose, sucrose, lactose Two monosaccharides linked by glycosidic linkages Two rings Polysaccharides Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin Many monosaccharides linked by glycosidic linkages Many rings, branched or unbranched DNA Genes Elements: C, H, N, O, P Double helix sugar/phosphate backbone RNA tRNA, mRNA, rRNA ATP, ADP, AMP ATP 3 phosphate groups, ribose sugar, nitrogen base (adenine) 3 phosphate groups Energy transfer Amino Acids (monomer) 20 types (glycine, isoleucine, etc) Amino group “R” group can be either polar or non polar Support, storage, transport, movement, reactions, signaling, defense Polypeptides Enzymes, hair, nails Elements: C, H, N, O, P, S Amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and R group around a central carbon Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds Fats Saturated, unsaturated, fatty acids, triglycerides Elements: C,H,O Glycerol +3 fatty acid chains (hydrocarbons) Hydrophobic (non-polar) they are not polymers Phospholipids Phosholipid bilayer of cell membrane Phosphate head + 2 fatty acid tails Cell membrane Steroids Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen 4 carbon rings Hormones Phosphate, ribose sugar, Single strand sugar phosphate nitrogen base backbone heredity Protein synthesis linked amino groups Energy storage