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CP Biology Final Exam Study Guide 2016 Name ___________________ Cell Growth and Division Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction Chromosomes Cell division Binary fission Chromatin Centromere Spindle Metaphase plate Centrosomes Cell plate cyclins Growth factor Apoptosis Cancer Tumor Homologous chromosome Stem cell Cell cycle – phases and processes, control system & checkpoints, diagrams of process Mitosis – functions, stages and descriptions, plants vs. animal cells, diagrams of process Genetics Alleles Locus Homozygous Heterozygous dominant allele recessive allele genotype phenotype Punnett square true-breeding Hybrids Cross P generation F1 generation F2 generation Monohybrid/Dihybrid cross Testcross Reciprocal cross Recessive disorder Dominate disorder Complete dominance Incomplete dominance Multiple alleles Codominance Pleiotrophy Polygenic inheritance Epistasis Linked genes Sister chromatids tetrad Diploid cell Haploid cell Gamete Crossing-over Zygote Genetic recombination Know the theories: Lamarck, Darwin, Mendel (review expeiments) Mendel’s laws (including segregation and independent assortment) Punnett squares – usage including complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, monohybrid & dihybrid cross (understanding/reference for more complex situations) Chromosomal theory of inheritance Meiosis – stages and descriptions Compare mitosis and meiosis Independent orientation of chromosomes Random fertilization DNA Bacteriophage (or phage) Nucleotide Polynucleotide Semiconservative model DNA polymerases 5’ end 3’ end DNA ligase Transcription Translation Hershey-Chase Experiment The structure of DNA and RNA Recognize 3’ vs. 5’ end of DNA strand DNA replication enzymes & video clip notes/vocab Codons Conjugation F factor Plasmid CP Biology Final Exam Study Guide 2016 Name ___________________ Protein Synthesis and Biotechnology RNA polymerase Promoter Terminator Messenger RNA Introns Exons RNA splicing Transfer RNA Anticodon Ribosomal RNA Start codon P site Codon recognition Peptide bond formation Translocation Stop codon Deletion Duplication Inversion Reciprocal translocation Operon Operator Homeotic gene Homeobox gene Hox gene TATA box Enhancer Transcription factor Process & Steps of transcription & translation Roles of mRNA, tRNA & rRNA Mutations – point, frameshift, chromosomal Prokaryotic gene regulation – Lac operon Eukaryotic gene regulation Classification, Viruses, Bacteria Cladistic Analysis: 1. Monophyletic group 2. Paraphyletic group 3. Polyphyletic group Homologous Analogous Homoplasy Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Capsid Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle Prophage Reverse transcriptase Retroviruses AIDS HIV Transformation Transduction Bacteria Archaea Bacilli Cocci Describe the classification systems of Linnaeus and Haeckel. Compare the Five Kingdom vs. the Six Kingdom classification systems Describe the lytic and lysogenic viral life cycle. The distinctions between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. How to differentiate between different bacteria types. The differences between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. The differences between Gram negative & positive bacterium. Vibrios Spirilla spirochete. gram stain peptidoglycan Capsule Pili Endospore flagella. extreme halophile extreme thermophile methanogens CP Biology Final Exam Study Guide 2016 Name ___________________ Protists and Fungi protist algae protozoans red tide algal bloom alternation of generations cilia flagella pseudopod spore conjugation symbiotic mutualistic parasite sporangium gametophytes sporophytes Fungi chitin Hyphae Fruiting body Mycelium Heterokaryotic stage Mold Yeast Chytrids Zygomycetes (zygote fungi) Glomeromycetes (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) Ascomycetes (sac fungi) Basidiomycetes (club fungi) Lichen Describe the structure of ciliates (Paramecium) Describe the Plasmodium life cycle Study categories of Fungi - phylum/category names, characteristics, spore-forming structure, dominate stage(sporophyte/gametophyte), examples. Plants Bryophytes, Pterophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms Study the life cycle diagrams: haploid vs. diploid, gametophyte vs. sporophyte, mitosis vs. meiosis, spores vs. seeds Study categories of Plants: phylum/category names, characteristics, dominate stage (sporophyte vs. gametophyte), examples Structure of a flower and seed. Compare and describe monocot vs. dicot seeds, leaves, stems, flowers and roots. Diagrams of root, stem leaf, including the following structures: root hair, plasmodesmata, casparian strip, dermal/ground/vascular tissues, epidermis, endodermis, cortex Summarize the use of xylem and phloem to move sugar through out a plant. (phloem sap, sugar source, and sugar sink) Archegonium Antheridium Sporangium Cotyledons Monocot dicot. root hair taproot rhizome tuber. parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma sclereid tracheids vessel elements sieve-tube members companion cells xylem phloem Epidermis Cuticle Dermal tissue Vascular tissue ground tissue system pith cortex vascular cylinder endodermis vascular bundles stomata guard cells mesophyll CP Biology Final Exam Study Guide 2016 vein annuals biennials perennials meristem primary growth root cap primary xylem primary phloem secondary growth Name ___________________ vascular cambium secondary xylem secondary phloem wood cork cork cambium bark wood rays heart wood sapwood fruit simple fruit aggregate fruit multiple fruit xylem sap root pressure transpiration cohesion adhesion mycorrhiza Ventral Body cavity Pseudocoelom Coelom Blastula Protostome Deuterostome Suspension/Filter feeders Gastrovascular cavity Cnidocytes Complete digestive tract Open circulatory system Closed circulatory system Exoskeleton Endoskeleton Water vascular system Animals Endoderm Ectoderm Mesoderm Invertebrates Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry Anterior Posterior Dorsal Be Sure to Know… For each animal phylum know: Common name Scientific name (and source/meaning of name) Symmetry Number of tissue layers Body cavity style (for 3 layered phyla) Digestive, vascular/circulatory systems Unique features Examples of phyla members Phylum Porifera - sponges Phylum Cnidaria – jellies, anemones, coral Phylum Platyhelminthes: “Flatworms” examples – planaria, flukes, tapeworms Phylum Nematoda: “Roundworms” examples – Trichinella Phylum Mollusca: exmples - gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods Phylum Annelida: examples - earthworm, polychaetes, leeches Phylum Arthropoda: examples - chelicerates, millipedes, centipedes, crusteaceans, insects Phylum Echinodermata: examples - sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers Phylum Chordata examples – humans, sharks Mammalian Anatomy Know major structures and organs from pig dissection and pig lab practical.
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