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CHAPTER 8
GROUP INFLUENCE
What Is a Group?
Social Facilitation: How Are We Affected by the Presence of Others?
The Mere Presence of Others
Crowding: The Presence of Many Others
Why Are We Aroused in the Presence of Others?
Evaluation Apprehension
Driven by Distraction
Mere Presence
Social Loafing: Do Individuals Exert Less Effort in a Group?
Many Hands Make Light Work
Social Loafing in Everyday Life
Deindividuation: When Do People Lose Their Sense of Self in Groups?
Doing Together What We Would Not Do Alone
Group Size
Anonymity
Arousing and Distracting Activities
Diminished Self-Awareness
Group Polarization: Do Groups Intensify Our Opinions?
The Case of the “Risky Shift”
Do Groups Intensify Opinions?
Group Polarization Experiments
Group Polarization in Everyday Life
Explaining Polarization
Informational Influence
Normative Influence
Groupthink: Do Groups Hinder or Assist Good Decisions?
Symptoms of Groupthink
Critiquing Groupthink
Preventing Groupthink
Group Problem Solving
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